IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


K^ 


^A 


4^ 


1.0 


1.1 


■tt  lii   12.2 

2f  HA   ■" 
2.0 


HI 

HI 
u 


lAO 


f 

CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 

CIHIM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 

^ 

I                               /           '                                                                                                                                                                             ;                 " 

'  i 

g> 

1 

Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microrsproductions               Institut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historiquas             1 

1980 

Technical  Not«s  /  Notes  techniques 


The  institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
originai  copy  avaiiabie  for  fiiming.  Physicai 
feetures  of  this  copy  which  may  aiter  any  of  the 
images  in  the  reproduction  are  checlced  beiow. 


L'institut  a  microf ilmA  ie  meiileur  exempiaire 
qu'ii  iui  a  *t*  possibie  de  se  procurer.  Certains 
dAfauts  susceptibles  de  nuire  A  la  qualitA  de  la 
reproduction  sont  notte  ci-dessous. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couvertures  de  couleur 


D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


D 


Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gAographiques  en  couleur 


D 


Coloured  plates/ 
Planches  en  couleur 


0 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dAcolortes,  tachettes  ou  piquAes 


D 


Show  through/ 
Transparence 


y 


Tight  binding  (may  cause  shadows  or 
distortion  along  interior  margin)/ 
Reliure  serr6  (peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou 
de  la  distortion  Ie  long  de  la  marge 
intArieure) 


D 


Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagtes 


D 


Additional  comments/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires 


Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  bibiiographiques 


D 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reii6  avec  d'autres  documents 


D 
D 


Pagination  incorrect/ 
Erreurs  de  pagination 


Pages  missing/ 
Des  pages  manquent 


D 


Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


D 


Maps  missing/ 

Des  cartes  g6ographiques  manquent 


D 


Plates  missing/ 

Des  planches  manquent 


n 


Additional  comments/ 
Commentaires  suppltmentaires 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Las  images  suivantes  ont  At*  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  nettet*  de  rexemplaire  film*,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche  shall 
contain  the  symbol  —»>  (meaning  CONTINUED"), 
or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"),  whichever 
applies. 


Un  dee  symboles  suivants  apparattra  sur  la  der- 
nlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le  cas: 
le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le  symbols 
▼  signifie  "FIN". 


The  original  copy  was  borrowed  from,  and 
filmed  with,  the  icind  consent  of  the  following 
institution: 

Library, 

Geological  Survey  of  Canada 

Maps  or  plates  too  large  to  be  entirely  included 
in  one  exposure  are  filmed  beginning  in  the 
upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to  right  and  top  to 
bottom,  as  many  frames  as  required.  The 
following  diagrams  Illustrate  the  method: 


L'exemplaire  film*  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
gAnArositA  de  I'Atablissement  prAteur 
suivant : 

Bibiiothique, 

Commlnion  Gtelogique  du  Canada 

Les  cartes  ou  les  planches  trop  grandes  pour  Atre 
reproduites  en  un  seul  clichA  sont  filmAes  A 
partir  de  Tangle  supArieure  gauche,  de  gaurhe  A 
droite  et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Le  diagramme  suivant 
illustre  la  mAthode  : 


1 

2 

1 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

N 


CHECK-LIST 


or 


North  American  Batrachia  and  Reptilia; 


WITH    A 


SYSTEMATIC  LIST  OF  THE  HIGHER  GROUPS, 


AND   AN 


ESSAY  ON  GEOGRAPHICAL   DLSTRIBUTION. 


BASED  ON 


THE  SPECIMENS  CONTAINED  IN  THE  V.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSErM. 


By  EDWARD  D.  COPE. 


WASH  JNGTON: 
OOVKIINMENT    PRINTING    OFPIOB. 

1875 


1  ••♦••*         •    »      •«•       •• 

J  «  a  «  «  - " 


ADVERTISEMENT. 

This  work  is  the  first  of  a  aeries  of  papers  intended  to  illustrate  the 
collections  of  Natural  History  and  Ethnology  belonging  to  the  United 
States  and  constituting  the  National  Museum,  of  which  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  was  placed  in  charge  by  the  act  of  Congress  of  August  10, 
1S4G. 

It  has  been  prepared  at  the  request  of  the  Institution,  and  printed  by 
authority  of  the  honorable  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

JOSEPH  HENKY, 
Secretary  Smithsonian  Institution. 
Smithsonian  Institution, 

Washington,  November,  1876. 


Vv 


X 


s. 


/^ 


•  ,    :   •     ■•     ,   •  •     •  • 

•  •    ♦,»    •  •     *  0  •«  :•  f 

«       t       •    •         »  r      e 


..^ 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Introductory  remarks * 3 

Part  I.  Arrangement  of  tbe  families  and  higher  divisions  of  Batrachia  and 

Reptilia.    [Adopted  provisionally  by  the  Smithsonian  Institntion.]..  7 

Class  Batrachia 7 

Order  Anura 7 

Stegocephali ~ 10 

Gymnophidia 11 

Urodela 11 

Proteida 12 

Trachystomata 12 

Class  Reptilia 12 

Order  Ornithosauria 12 

,     ,  Dinosanria 13 

Crocodilia 14 

Sauropterygia 14 

'  Anomodontia 15 

Ichthyopterygia 15 

Rbynchocephalia 15 

Testudinata 16 

Lacertilia 17 

PythonoiHorpha 20 

Ophidia 21 

Part  II.  Check-list  of  tbe  species  of  Batrachia  and  Reptilia  of  the  Nearctic  or 

North  American  realm 24 

Class  Batrachia 24 

Order  Tracbj-stomata 24 

Proteida 24 

Caducibrancbiata 25 

Amira 29 

Bnfuniformia 29 

Firmisternia 30 

Arcifera 30 

Raniformia  32 

Class  Reptila 33 

Order  Opbidia 33 

Solenoglypba 33 

Proteroglypha 34 

Asiuea 34 

Scolecopbidia 44 


u 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 


I 


i 


Pamt  II.  Check-list  of  the  species  of  Batrachia  and  Keptilia,  &c.— Contiimed  : 
Class  Reptila — Continued:  , 

Order  Lacertilia 4A 

Opheosauri 44 

Pleurodonta 44 

Typhluphtbalmi 44 

Leptoglossa 44 

Diploglossa 4C) 

Iguania 47 

Nyctisaura 50 

Testndiuata 50 

Athecte 50 

Cryptodira 51 

Crocodilia r>4 

Part  III.  On  gcogr.'iphical  distribution  of  the  Vertebrata  of  the  Regnum  Nearc- 

ticum,  with  especial  reference  to  the  Batrachia  .^ud  Keptilia 55 

I. — The  faunal  regions  of  the  earth 55 

II.— Number  of  species 5S 

III. — Relations  to  other  realms Gl 

IV.— The  regions 67 

Austroriparian <>~t 

Eastern 70 

Central 71 

Pacific 7:1 

Sonoran 7'3 

Lower  Califomian 74 

V. — The  Austroriparian  region 76 

VI.- The  Eastern  region 82 

VII.— The  Central  region 88 

VIII.— The  Pacific  region 89 

IX.— The  Sonoran  region 90 

X. — The  Lower  Californian  region 92 

XI. — Relation  of  distribution  to  physical  causes 93 

Pari  IV.  Bibliography 97 

A.— Works  on  the  classification  of  Batrachia  and  Reptilia 97 

B. — Works  treating  of  the  geographical  distribution  of  North  American 

Batrachia  and  Reptilia 100 

Alphabetical  ikdex , 101 


'I 


INTRODUCTORY   REMARKS. 


The  present  contributiou  to  North  Americau  Ilerpetology  is  a  prodro- 
mus  of  a  general  work  on  that  subject,  undertaken  some  years  ago  at 
the  request  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  The  mate- 
rial which  has  been  accumulating  in  the  museum  of  that  Institution 
has  offered  great  advantages  for  the  investigation  of  the  questions  of 
anatomical  structure,  variations  of  specillc  characters,  and  geographical 
distribution.  It  is  believed  that  these  subjects  are  much  elucidated  by  the 
study  of  the  Batrachia  and  Reptilia,  siuce  these  animals  are  especially 
susceptible  to  physical  influences;  since,  also,  they  are  unable,  like  birds, 
and  generally  not  disposed,  as  are  mammals,  to  make  extended  migra- 
tions, their  habitats  express  nearly  the  simplest  relations  of  life  to  its 
surroundings. 

In  prosecuting  these  investigations,  it  has  become  necessary  to  adapt 
the  nomenclature  to  the  results  obtained  by  study  of  many  specimens 
as  to  the  variation  of  species.    It  is  a  common  observation  that  the 
bttter  a  species  of  animal  is  represented  in  our  collections,  the  wider  do 
we  discover  its  range  of  variation  to  be,  and  the  greater  the  number  of 
supposed  distinct  species  does  it  become  necessary  to  reduce  to  the  rank 
of  varieties.    The  definition  of  a  species  being  simply  a  number  of  indi- 
viduals, certain  of  whose  physical  peculiarities  belong  to  them  alone, 
and  are  at  the  same  time  exhibited  by  all  of  them,  it  is  evident  that, 
since  it  is  impossible,  in  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge,  to  predicate 
what  those  "certain  peculiarities"  shall  be,  the  only  test  of  specific  defi- 
nition is  the  constancy  of  those  characters.    Hence  it  is  that  the  most 
diverse  forms  of  one  species  may  differ  more  from  each  other  than  two 
recognized  species.   In  the  investigation  of  North  American  cold-blooded 
Vertebrata,  I  have  observed  that  many  species  are  represented  by  well- 
marked  geographical  varieties,  which,  following  the  example  of  some 
ornithologists,  I  have  called  subspecies.    Many  of  tJiese  have  been  here- 
tofore regarded  as  species. 

In  illustration  of  these  remarks,  certain  species  of  the  genus  Ophibolus 
may  be  selected.   The  most  northern  and  the  most  southern  forms  of  the 


genus,  the  O.  triangulum  and  0.  coccineus,  have  always  been  regarded  as 
distinct  species^  and  so  numerous  are  their  differential  characters,  in  col- 
oration, size,  and  squamation,  that  this  view  would  seem  to  rest  on  a  sat- 
isfactory foondation.    I  find,  however,  that  individuals  exist  which  rep- 
resent every  stage  of  development  of  each  character  which  distinguishes 
them,  although  certain  types  appear  to  be  more  abundant  than  the  interme- 
diate ones.    0.  triangulum  is  a  species  of  larger  size,  with  two  temporal 
plates,  a  row  of  large  dorsal  spots,  and  other  smaller  ones  on  the  sides,  on  a 
grayish  ground ;  with  a  chevron,  and  often  other  marks  on  the  top  of  the 
head,  and  a  band  posterior  to  the  eye.    0.  coccinemis  a  small  snake  with  a 
small  loreal  plate  and  one  temporal  shield ;  color  red,  with  pairs  of  black 
rings  extending  round  the  body,  and  no  markings  on  the  head  excepting 
that  the  anterior  ring  of  the  anterior  pair  crosses  the  posterior  edge  of 
the  occipital  shields,  forming  a  half  collar.    The  transition  is  accom- 
plished thus :  The  lateral  borders  of  the  dorsal  spots  of  0.  triangulum 
break  up,  and  the  lateral  spots  become  attached  to  their  anterior  and 
posterior  dark  borders.    The  chevron  of  vhe  top  of  the  head  first  breaks 
into  spots,  and  then  its  posterior  portions  unite  with  each  other.    The 
borders  of  the  old  dorsal  spots  continue  to  the  abdomen,  where  the 
remaining  lateral  portions  finally  meet  on  the  middle  line,  forming  a 
black  line.    This  breaks  up  and  disapijears,  leaving  the  annuli  open ; 
and  these  are  then  completed  in  many  specimens.    The  general  colors 
become  more  brilliant  and  the  size  smaller.    The  head  is  more  depressed ; 
in  immediate  relation  to  this  form,  the  loreal  plate  is  reduced  in  size, 
and  the  two  temporal  shields  of  0.  triangulum  are  reduced  to  one.    Every 
form  of  combination  of  these  characters  can  be  found,  which  represent 
six  species  of  the  books  (in  North  America),  viz :  0.  triangulum^  O.  doU- 
atuSf  0.  annulatnsj  0.  gentilis,  0.  amaurus,  and  0.  coccineus.    The  oldest 
name  is  the  0.  doliatus,  Linn.    Another  series  of  specimens  resemble 
very  closely  those  of  the  subspecies  coccineus  ;  in  fact,  are  identical  with 
them  in  color.    The  loreal  shield  is,  however,  extinguished,  and  the  rows 
of  scales  are  reduced  by  one  on  each  side.    These  specimens  simply  carry 
one  degree  further  the  modifications  already  described.    Yet,  on  account 
of  the  constancy  of  these  characters,  I  am  compelled  to  regard  these 
individuals  not  only  as  a  distinct  species,  but,  on  account  of  the  absence 
of  the  loreal  plate,  as  belonging  to  another  genus.    This  is  the  Calama- 
ria  elapsoidea  of  Hclbrook ;  the  Osceola  elapsoidea  of  Baird  and  Girard. 
It  affords  an  illustration  of  the  principle,  which  I  have  elsewhere  insisted 
on,  "  that  adjacent  species  of  allied  genera  may  be  more  alike  than  remote 


I 


bpecios  of  identical  generic  characters,"  which  indicates  that  generic  char- 
acters ori^^iuate  independently  of  the  specific* 

The  cliissification  of  the  present  list  is  illustrated  by  the  above  remarks. 
I  now  briefly  allude  to  the  rules  I  have  followed  in  adopting  a  nomen- 
lolature.  These  rules  are  those  in  general  use  in  the  United  States,  as 
based  on  the  revision  of  the  rules  of  the  British  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science  by  a  committee  of  the  American  Association, 
and  elaborated  in  more  detail  by  W.  H.  Edwards,t  after  Thorell  and 
Wallace ;  in  other  words,  the  law  of  priority  is  followed  under  the  fol- 
lowing definitions :     ^ 

(1)  A  specific  name  given  by  an  author  must  relate  to  a  desfcription 
or  plate  of  the  object  intended. 

(2)  A  generic  name  of  a  species  must  be  accompanied  by  a  separate 
definition  of  the  genus  intended,  by  reference  to  some  of  its  distinctive 
features. 

Note. — These  two  rules  are  properly  regarded  as  the  safeguards  of 
nomenclature,  since  they  offer  the  only  means  by  which  the  writings  of 
authors  in  the  sciences  concerned  can  be  intelligible.  The  necessity  of 
these  rules  will  become  increasingly  apparent,  since,  as  the  systematic 
sciences  become  more  popular,  sciolists  may  publish  pages  of  names  in 
any  of  their  departments,  with  the  effect,  should  such  names  be  author- 
itative, of  indefinitely  postponing  the  cultivation  of  the  subject.  A 
generic  diagnosis  is  not  necessarily  perfect  in  the  early  stages  of  the 
classification  of  a  science,  and  may  be  found  later  to  embrace  more  than 
one  generic  type ;  hence,  the  following  additional  rule  has  been  found 
necessary : 

(3)  In  the  subdivision  of  a  genus,  names  of  the  new  genera  are  to  be 
adopted  in  the  order  of  priority  of  the  definition  of  the  divisions  to  which 
tbey  refer;  the  remaining  natural  generic  group  retaining  the  original 
name,  unless  the  latter  has  been  already  given  to  one  of  the  divisions, 
as  prescribed. 

(4)  Priority  reposes  on  date  of  publication,  and  not  on  date  of  read- 
ing of  papers. 

Of  course,  consistently  with  the  above  rules,  as  divisions  of  high  rank 
must  be  defined  in  order  to  be  understood,  names  of  these  unaccomx)a- 
nied  by  definitions  are  not  binding  on  the  nomenclator. 

Iq  regard  to  orthography,  the  same  code  of  niles  has  been  followed, 

viz,  iu  the  Latinization  of  all  words  of  Greek  derivation.    This  has  been 

*  Origin  of  Genera,  Philadelphia,  1868. 
tThe  Canadian  Entomologist,  1873,  p.  33. 


6 

applied  especially  to  the  compounding  of  family-names.  Thus,  if  the 
generic  name  is  spelled  according  to  Latin  rule,  the  family-name  derived 
from  it  must  be  so  also;  hence,  I  v^rite  ScaphhpUlae,  not  P^aphiopodidae; 
Rhinoceridae,  not  Rhinocerotidae. 

In  the  check-list,  the  correct  name  of  each  species  and  subspecies  is 
given  with  reference  to  a  good  description.  To  each  is  added  its  geo- 
graphical range. 


t  \ 


,it 


P^VRT    I. 

ARRANGEMENT 

or 

THE  FAMILIES  AND  HIGHER  DIVISIONS 

OK 

BATRACHIA  AND  REPTILIA. 

[ADOPTED  rUOVLSlOXALLY  BY  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION.] 


Class  BATRACHIA. 

\  Order  ANURA. 

(Aiiura,  Dumeril ;  Salientia,  Merrem,  Gray.) 

Ealnifor^iia. 
(Raniformia,  Cope,  Xat.  Hist.  Rev.,  v,  114,  1865.^) 

Ranidae  =Ranidae,  Cope,  N.  H.  Rev.,  v,  114- 

119,  1865.' 
Colostethidae  =  Colostethidae,   Cope,   P.  A.  N.   S. 

Phila.,  1866,  130.=^ 

'  Raniformia,  partim,  Dum.  et  Bib.,  £rp.  Gt5n. 

•  Ranidae,  Cope,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  n.  s.,  vi,  169, 1867 ;  Ranidae,  Polypedati- 
(lae,  and  Cystignathidae,  pars,  Gthr.,  Cat.  Bat.  Salien.,  1858,  4-26. 

=  Colostethidae,  Cope,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  n.  s.,  vi,  197, 1867 ;  "  Calostethidae," 
Mivart,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1869. 


8 


'■ 


Firmisternia/ 

(Bufonoid  Raniformia,  Cope,  Jour.  Acad.  Xat.  Sc.  Phila., 

n.  s.,  vi,  190,  1867.) 

Dendrobatidae        =  Dcndrobatidae,  Cope,  X.  H.  Eev.,  v, 

103-104,  1865.' 
Phiyniscidae  =  Phryniscidae,   Cope,   J.  A.  N.   S. 

Phila.,  n.  s.,  vi,  190,  1867.*^ 
Engystomidae         =  Engystomidae,  Cope,  J.  A.  N.  S. 

Phila.,  n.  s.,  vi,  190,  1867.' 
Brevicipitidae         =  Brevicipitidae,  Cope,  J.  A.  N.  S. 

Phila.,  n.  s.,  vi,  190,  1867.' 


1 

El 


n 


Gastrechmia. 
(Gastrechmia,  Cope,  J.  A.  N.  S.  Phila.,  n.  s.,  vi,  198, 1867.) 


Hemisidae 


Hemisidae,  Cope,  J.  A.  N.  S.  Phila., 
n.  s.,  vi,  198-199,  1867.'^ 


■•  Firmisternia.  Believing  the  arciferous  or  raniform  sternal  structure  to  have  about 
equal  systeuatic  value  with  the  presence  or  absence  of  teeth,  I  have  separated  the 
toothless  families  with  raniform  sternum  under  the  name  of  Firmisternia.  It  is  not 
impossible  that  this  group  may  turn  out  to  bo  inseparable  from  the  Gastrechmia.  The 
toothed  Aglossa  must  be  distinguished  on  the  same  principle  from  Pipa,  and  the  sub- 
order is  accordingly  named  Odontaglossa. 

6  Hylaplesiidae,  Gthr.,  Cat.  Bat.  Salien.,  1858,  124-126. 
^  Brachycephalina,  pars,  Gthr.,  Cat.  Bat.  Salien.,  1858,  42. 

^Engystomidae,  Cope,  N.  H.  Eev.,  v,  100-101,  1865;  Micbrylidae,  Cracbymeridao, 
Eugystoroatidae,  Hylaedactylidao,  Gtbr.,  Cat.  iiat.  Salien.,  185ri. 

*Brachymeridae,  Cope,  pars,  N.  H.  Rev.,  v,  101-102, 1865. 

'  Hemisidae;  Rhiuopbrynidae,  Cope,  pars,  N.  H.  Rev.,  v,  100,  1865;  Rhiuopbrynidao 
et  Phryniscidae,  pars,  Mivart,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1869,  281-888. 


BUFONIFOEMIA. 

(Bufoniformia,  Dumeril  ct  Bibron,  partim ;  Cope,  partim.) 

Rhinophiynidae      =  Rhinophrynidae,    Gthr.,    Cat.    Bat. 

Sal.  B.  M.,  127,  1858."' 
Bufonidae  =  Bufonidae,  Cope,  N.  H.  Rev.,  v,  102- 

103,  1865.^^ 
Batrachophrynidse  =:  Batrachophrynus,  Peters,   Monatsb. 

Pr.  Akad.  Wiss.,  1873,411. 


Pipidae 


Dactylethridae 


Aglossa. 

=  Pipidae,  Gthr.,  Cat.  Bat.  Sal.  B.  M., 
2-3,  1858." 

Odoxtaglossa. 

=  Dactylethridae,  Gthr.,  Cat.  Bat.  Sal. 
B.  M.,  1-2,  1858.^' 


Arcifera. 
(Arcifera,  Cope,  K  H.  Rev.,  v,  104,  1865.") 

Cystignathidae        =  Cystignathidae,  Cope,  N.  H.  Rev.,  v, 

105,  1865.^' 

'"  Rhinophrynidae,  Cope,  N.  H.  Rev.,  v,  100, 1865,  pars,  nee  Mivart ;  Cope,  Jonr.  Acatl. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vi,  189,  18G7. 

"  (Bufonidae)  Chelydobatrachus,  Gthr.,  Cat.  Bat.  Salien.,  i)art.,  1858,  51,  53-54. 

"  Pipidae,  Cope,  N.  H.  Rev.,  v,  98-99,  1865 ;  Pipidae,  Mivart,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lou- 
don, 1869,  287,  295. 

"Dactylethridae,  Cope,  N.  H.  Rev.,  v,  99,  1865;  D.ictylethridae,  Mivart,  Proc.  Zool. 
Soc.  London,  1869,  295. 
'^  Arcifera,  Cope,  Jour.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vi,  67-68,  1866. 

'*  Cystignathidae,  Rauidae  partim,  Cystignathidae,  ITperoliidae,  Bouibinatorldae 
partim,  Alytidae  partim,  Hylodidae,  Gthr. ;  Rauidae  partim,  Polypcdatidae  partim, 
Discoglossidae  partim,  Mivart,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loudou,  1869. 


10 


pi 


Hemiphractidae 

Hylidae 

Scapliiopidae 

Pelodytidae 

Asterophiydidae 


Discoglossidae 


=  Hemiphractidae,  Cope,  J.  A.  N.  S. 

Phila.,  n.  s.,  vi,  69,  1866.       ' 
>  Hylidae,  Gthr.,  Cat.  Bat.  Salien.,  96, 

1858.^' 
=  Scaphiopodidae,  Cope,  J.  A.  N.  S. 

Phila.,  n.  s.,  vi,  69,  1866." 
=  Pelodytidae,  Cope,  J.  A.  K  S.  Phila., 

vi,  69,  1866.^' 
=  Asterophiydidae,  Cope,  J.  A.  N.  S. 

Phila.,  n.  s.,  vi,  79-80.^'* 
=  Discoglossidae,  Cope,  N.  H.  Eev.,  v, 

105-107,  1865.^' 


Jl':"' 


;i1^ 
m 


iiii; 


Order  STEGOCEPHALI. 

(Stegocephali,  Cope,  P.  A.  X.  S.  Phila.,  1868,  209.'°) 

Labyrinthodoxtia. 

Bapheiidae  —  Baphetldae,  Cope,  MSS. 

Anthracosmridae  —  Anthracosauridae,  Cope,  MSS. 


Colosteidae 


Ganocephala. 

:  Colosteidae,  Cope,  MSS. 


'« Hylidae,  Cope,  T.  A.  N.  S.  Phila.,  vi,  83-85,  1866. 

"  Scaphiopodidae  partiin,  N.  H.  Rev.,  v,  107-108, 1865. 

'*  Pelodytidae.  Scaphiopodidae  pars,  Cope,  olini,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vi,69, 
1866. 

^9  Discoglossidae,  Cope,  Jour.  Acau.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila  ,  vi,  69, 1866 ;  Discoglossidae  partim, 
34,  Bombinatoridae  partim  et  Alytidae  partim  Gthr.,  Cat.  Bat.  Salien.,  40,  57,  1858; 
Mivart,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1869,  294-295 

20  Stegocephali,  Cope,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  1870,  6-7. 

*'  Colosteus,  Cope. 


PhlcgetJiontildae 

Molgophidae 

Ptyoniidae 

Tuditanidao 

PcUontidae 


11 
MiCEOSAURIA. 

=  PhLjethontiidae,  Cope,  MSS.'^" 

—  Molgoplddaef  Cope,  MS8."^ 
=  Ptyoniidae f  Cope,  MSS."^ 

—  Tudifanidae,  Cope,  MSS. 
=  Pelionfidae,  Cope,  MSS."^ 


Order  GYMXOPHIDIA. 

(Gymnopliiona,  Mliller.) 


Caeciliidae 


rr  Caeciliidae,  Gray,  Cat.  Bat.  Grad.  B, 
M.,  57,  1850. 

Order  URODELA. 

SSeiranotidae,    )  Gray,   P.    Z.    S. 
PLurodelidae,  S     London,    xxvi, 

137-143,1858. 
=  Salamandridae,  Gray,  P.  Z.  S.  Lon- 
don, xxvi,  142-143,  1858. 
r=  Hynobiidae,  Cope,  J.  A.  N.  S.  Phila., 

n.  s.,  vi,  107,  1866. 
=  Desmognathidae,  Cope,  J.  A.  N.  S. 

Phila.,  n.  s.,  vi,  107,  1866. 
=  Thoriidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S.  Phila., 
1869,  111-112. 

•'»  Phlegethoutia,  Cope. 
•  Molgopbis,  Cope. 

*'  Lepterpeton,  Haxl. ;  Oostocepbalus,  Cope ;  Urocordylus,  Huxl. 
•*  Pelion,  Wyman. 

•'Salamandridae,  Cope,  Jonr.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vi,  107-108, 1866. 
•niynobiidae,  Cope;  Molgidae,  Gray,  lti50. 


Pleurodelidae 

Salamandridae" 
Hynobiidae '*° 
Desmognathidae 
Thoriidae 


12 


Plethodontidae^     = 


Amblystomidae 
Menopomidae 
Amphiuinidae 
Cocytinidae 


38 


Proteidae 


Plethodontidae,  Cope,  J.  A.  N.  S. 

Phila.,  n.  s.,  vi,  106-107,  1866. 
=  Amblystomidae,  Cope,  J.  A.  N.,S. 

Phila.,  n.  s.,  vi,  105-106,  1866. 
—  Protonopsidae,  Gray,  Cat.  Bat.  Grad. 

B.  M.,  52-54,  1850. 
=  Amphiumidae,  Cope,  J.  A.  N.  S. 

Phila.,  n.  s.,  vi,  104-105, 1866. 
=  Cocytinidae^  Cope,  MSS.^ 

Order  PROTEIDA. 

=  Proteidae,  Gray,  Cat.  Bat.  Grad.  B. 
M.,  64-67,  1850. 


fit 
W 


Sirenidae 


Order  TRACHYSTOMATA. 

=:  Sirenidae,  Gray,  Cat.  Bat.  Grad.  B. 
M.,  67-69,  1850. 


i 


p. 
jl'f 


Class  RErTILIA. 

Order  ORNITHOSAURIA. 

(Ornithosauria,  Bonaparte,  Fitzinger,  Seeley.^) 

Dimorphodontidae  =  Dimorphodontidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  A. 

A.  S.  1870,  234,  1871.^^ 

s' Plethodoutidue,  Copo,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vi,  lOG,  IHOG,  partini  Gray,  18.'0. 
'*  Amblystomidae.  Plethodontidae  partim.  Gray,  1850. 
«9Cocytiaa8,  Cope,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.,  1874. 
30  Ornithosauria  =  Pterosauria,  Oweu. 
3»  Dimorphodontae,  Seeley. 


18 

Pterodactylidae      =  Pterodactylidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A. 

S.,  xix,  234,  1871 .» 

Order  DINOSAURIA. 

(Dinosauria,  Owen,  Cope,  Seeley;  Pachypodes,  Meyer; 

Ornithoscelida,  Huxley.) 

Symphypoda. 

(Symphypoda,  Cope ;  Compsognatha,  Huxley.) 

Compsognathidae  •=.  Compsognatliidaey  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A. 

S.,  xix,  234,  1871^  (name  only). 
Onilthotarsidae      =  Ornithotarsidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A. 

S.,  234,  1871'^  (name  only). 

GONIOPODA. 

(Goniopoda,  Cope;  Harpagmosauria,  Haeckel.) 

Megalosauridae      =■  Ilegalosauridae,  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A. 

S.,  xix,  234,  1871  (name  only).'' 
Teratosauridae       =  Teratosauridae,  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A. 

S.,  xix,  234,  1871  (name  only).'' 

Orthopoda. 

(Orthopoda,  Cope ;  Therosauria,  Haeckel.) 

Scelidosauridae      =  Scelidosauridae,  Cope,  T.  A.  P.  S., 

n.  s.,  xiv,  91,  1869.'' 


^"  Rhamphorbyncbae  et  Pterodactylae,  Seeley,  loc.  cit. 

'^  Compsognatbidae  =  Corapsognathns,  Wag. 

^*  Omitbotarsidae  =  Ornitbotarsua,  Cope. 

^'>  Megalosauridae,  Huxley. 

^  Teratosaurns,  Plateosaurus,  Meyer,  ete. 

^'  Scelidosauridae,  Ilnxley,  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  1870. 


14 


I;,; 


iil'  i 


Iguanodontidae      =  Tgiianodontidae,  Cope,  T.  A.  P.  S., 

n.  s.,  xiv,  91,  1869.'' 

Hadrosauridae       =  Iladrosauridae,  Cope,  T.  A.  P.  S., 

n.  s.,  xiv,  91-98,  1869.'' 

Order  CROCODILIA. 

(Crocodiiia  et  Thecodontia,  partim,  Owen,  1841.) 

Parasuchia. 

Belodontidae  =  Belodontidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A.  S., 

xix,  234,  1871  (name  only).*'' 

Amphicoelia. 

Teleosauridae         =  Teleosauridaey  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A.  S., 

xix,  234,  1871  (name  only). 
Goniopholididae     =  Goniopholisj  Owen,  etc. 

.  Peocoelia. 

Thoracosauridae    =:  Thoracosauridae,  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A. 

S.,  xix,  235,  1871  (name  only).'^ 
Crocodilidae  =  Crocodilidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A.  S., 

xix,  235,  1871  (name  only).'' 

Order  SAUROPTERYGIA. 

(Sauropterygia,  Owen.) 
% Placodontidae       —  Placodontidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A.  S., 

xix,  235,  1871  (name  only)."' 

38  Iguanodontidae,  Huxley,  Journ.  Geol.  See.  Loudon,  1870. 

39  Hadrosauridae,  Huxley,  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  1S70. 
«Thecodontia,  Owen,  pt.;  Cope,  Tr.  A.  P.  S.,  1809,  32.  ' 
•*!  Thoracosaurus,  Leidy,  Cope. 

*»  Crocodilidae  +  AUigatoridae,  Gray,  +  Gavialidae,  Gray,  +  Holops  and  Thecach- 
ampsa.  Cope,  etc.,  Pr.  A.  A.  A.  S.,  xix,  235, 1871. 
**  Placodus,  Agass. 


Plesiosauridae 
Elasmomuridae 


16 

=  Plesiosauridae  J  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A. 

S.,  xix,  235,  1871  (name  only)/* 
=  Elasmosauridaey  Cope,  Tr.  A.  P.  S., 

n.  s.,  xiv,  1869,  p.  47.' 


17  45 


Order  ANOMODONTIA. 

(Anomodontia,  Owen.) 

Dicynodontidae      =  Dicf/nodontidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A. 

S.,  xix,  235,  1871  (name  only).'" 
Oudenodontidae     —  Oudenodontidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A. 

S.,  xix,  235,  1871  (name  only).*' 

Order  ICHTHYOPTERYGIA. 

Ichthyosauridae     =  Ichthyosauridae,  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A. 

S.,  xix,  235,  1871. 

Order  RHYNCHOCEPHALIA. 

Protorosauridae     =  Protorosauridae,  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A. 

S.,  xix,  235,  1871  (name  only).*' 
Sphenodontidae      =  Splienodontidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A. 

S.,  xix,  235,  1871.*' 
Bhynchosauridae    —  Rhynchosauridaej  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A. 

S.,  xix,  235,  1870  (name  only).' 

"  Notho3auru8,  Pistoaaurus,  Plesiosaurus,  Pliosaurus,  etc. 

^  Elasmosaurus,  Cimoliasaurus,  etc. 

<*  Dicynodontidae,  Owen,  Paleoutology. 

■"Cyptodontia,  Owen,  Paleonto'ogy. 

■"  Protorosaurus,  Meyer  (elongate  sacrum). 

<9Hatteriida«,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.,  18G4,  225-7.  ,   ' 

*"  Rbynchosanrus,  Owen. 


50 


16 


Order  TESTUDINATA. 


¥i 


hi 


m-i 


m  * 


(Athecae,  Cope, 
Sphargididae 

Protostegidae 


Cheloniidae 

Propleuridae 

Trionychidae 

Emydidae 

Chelydridae 

Cinosteniidae 

Testudinidae 


Athecae. 

P.  A.  A.  A.  S.,  xjx,  p.  235,  1870.) 

=  Sphargididae,   Gray,  Ann.   Philos., 

1825.'^* 
=  Protostega,  Cope,  Proc.  A.  P.  S., 

1872,  413. 

Cryptodira. 


=  Cheloniidae,  Gray,  Annals  Philoso- 
phy, 1825.^' 

=  Propleuridae^  Cope,  Am.  Jour.  Sc. 
and  Arts,  I  137,  1870. 

=  Trionychidae,  Gray,  Annals  of  Phi- 
losophy, 1825.=' 

=  Emydidae,  Agassiz,  Cont.  Nat.  Hist. 
U.  S.,  i,  p  351.=* 

=  Chelydridae,  Agassiz,  Contrib.  N.  H. 
U.  S.,  i,  341.=*'' 

=  Cinosternidae,  Agassiz,  Cont.  Nat. 
Hist.  XT.  S.,  i,  347. 

=  Testudinidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S. 
Phil.,  1868,  p.  282.== 


*'  Sphargididae,  Bell,  Fitzinger,  Agassiz. 

6-  Cheloniidae,  Gray,  Ann.  Phil.,  1825 ;  Agass.,  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A.  S.,  six,  235, 1871. 

^  Trionychidae,  Bell,  Wiegmann,  Dum.  et  Bibr.,  Agass. 

^  Emydidae— Chelydridae,  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A.  S.,  xix,  235, 1871  (name  only). 

"^"Chelydra,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S.  Phila.,  1872. 

6s  Testudinidae,  Gray.  Agass.  , 


11  \ 


f  I   I 


rieurosternidae 
Adocidae 


17 

:  Pleurosternidaej  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S. 

Phila.,  1868,  282  (name  only). 
Adocidae f    Cope,    P.    A.    P.    S., 

1870,  547. 

Pleurodira. 


(Pleurodira,  Dum.  et  Eibron ;  Chelypidae,  Agass.) 


Podocnemididae 

Chelydidae 

Hydraspididae 

Pclomedusidae 
Sternothaeridae 


=  Podocnemididae,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S. 

Phila.,  1868,  282. 
=  Chelydidae,  Gray,  P.  Z.  S.  London, 

1869,  pp.  208-209. 
=  Hydraspididae,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S. 

Phila.,  1868,  282. 
=  Pelomedusidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S. 

Phila.,  1865, 185;  1868,  p.  119. 
=  Sternothaeridae,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S. 

Phila.,  1868,  119. 


Order  LACERTILIA. 
(Laccrtilia,  Owen ;  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A.  S.,  xix,  236,  1870.) 

EhiI^toglossa. 

(Acrodonta  Ehiptoglossa,  Wiegmann,   Fitzinger,  Cope ; 

Chamaeleonida,  Miiller.) 

Chamaeleontidae    =  Chamaeleontidae,  Gray,  Cat.  Lizards 

B.  M.,  1845,  264  (name  only)." 

'•Wieprmann,  Gray;  etc.  . 

2h 


M\ 


hi 


1 


llr|i|i 


,  'I! 
'If 


18 

Pachyglossa. 

(Pachyglossa,   Cope ;    Acrodonta   Pachyglossa,   Waglcr, 
Fitzinger,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S.  Phila.,  18G4,  22()-227.) 

Agamidao  =:Agamidao,  Gray,  Cat.  B.  M.,  1845, 

230. 

Nyctisaura. 

(Nyctisaura,  Gray,  Cat.  Lizards  13.  M. ;  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S. 

Phila.,  1804,  225.) 

Gecconidao  =Gccconidae,  Gray,  Cat.  Lizards  B. 

M.,  1845,  142." 

Pleurodonta. 
(Plcurodonta,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S.  Phila.,  18G4,  226.) 

„  a.  Iguania. 

=  Anolidac,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S.  Phila., 

1864,  227,  228. 
=  Iguanidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S.  Phila., 

1864,  227,  228.'' 

b.  Diploglossa. 

—  Anguidac,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S.  Phila., 

1864,  228. 
=  Gcrrhonotidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S. 

Phila.,  1864,  228.'^ 

"  Cope,  Pr.  A.  A.  A.  S.,  xix,  236,  1871. 
'^  Iguanidae  pars  auctorum. 
A"  ZoQuridae,  pt.,  Gray. 


Anolidao 


Iguanidae 


Anffuidao 


Gerrhonotidae 


i; 
J. 


19 


*liila., 

:.  s. 


Xcnosauriclao 
ncloderniidao 


1 

Tcidac 

' 

Laccrtidao 

Zoimridao 

hila., 

Chalcidao 

»liila., 

Scincidae 

=  Xciiosauridao,   Copo,  P.  A.  N.  S. 

riiila.,  1800,  322. 
=:irol()dcrniidao,   Gray,   Cat.   Lizards 

15.  M.,  1845.'^ 

c.  y7ircaf//ossa. 
(Thccaglossa,  Wagler,  Fitzingcr,  Copo.)        ' 

Varanidao  =  Varanidac,  Cope,  P.  A.  A  A.  S.,  xix, 

2:J7,  1870. 

d.  Leptofjlossa. 

(Leptoglossa,  AViogniaiin,  Eit/ingcr,  Cope.) 

—  Tcidac,  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A.  S.,  xix, 
2?>1,  1871."^ 

=  Laccrtinid;ic,  Gray,  Cat.  Lizards  B. 

M.,  20-44,  184r);'= 
=  Zonuridac,  (.^opc,  P.  A.  A.  A.  8.,  xix, 

237-241,  1871.''' 

—  Chalcidac,  Gray,  Cat.  Lizards  B.  M., 
57-58,  1845.'" 

=  Scincidae,  Gray,  Cat.  Lizards  B.  M., 

70-120,  1845."' 
=  Scpsidae,  Gray,  Cat.  Lizards  B.  M., 

121-120,  1845."'^ 


Scpsidao 


«"  IIol.xlcMinidiio,  Copo,  Troc.  Acjul.  Nut.  .S(!.  IMiil-i.,  lH(il,  2iH  ;   ISGf.,  \V>^i. 

•"Tehhio  and  Ecpluopodiduo,  Prtors,  Cop<'  ( 1 'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  Kci.  Phila.,  1W4,  229); 
Teidao,  Anadiidae,  CercoHauridao,  KiainidaH,  Gray. 

"  Lactortidao,  Copo,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  bci.  I'liila.,  18G4,  228;  Lacurtiduc  et  Cricosauri- 
dan,  Potors ;  XantuHiidae,  Baird. 

^'Zonuridao,  pt.,  Gray ;  Laccrtidao  pt.,  Copo. 

"<  Clialcididao,  Copo,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hila..  18G4,  228. 

«*S''incidae,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18(54,  228. 

"Sopsidao,  Copo,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Piiila.,  1864,  228. 


20 


t 


r 


i-ri 


hi 


c.   TyphlophthalmL 
•  (Typhlophthalmi,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S.  Thila.,  1804,  228.'") 


Foyliniidao 
Acontiidae 
Aricllidao 


=  Anclytropidao,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S. 

Phila.,  18G4,  230."' 
=  Acontiadac,  Gray,  Cat.  Lizards  B. 

M.,  126-127,  1845.'"* 
=  Aniellidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S.  Phila., 

18G4,  230. 

OPnEOSAURI. 


(Opheosauri,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S.  Phila.,  18G4,  226.'") 
Amphishaenidae     =  Amphisbacnidae,   Gray,   Cat.  Tort. 

Croc.,  etc.  B.  M.,  69,  1844.^' 

Trogonophidae        =  Trigonophidae,    Gray,   Catal.   Tort. 

Croc.,  etc.  B.  M.,  68,  1844.'^^ 

Order  PYTIIONOMOBPHA. 

(Pythonomorpha,  Cope,  T.  A.  P.  S.,  n.  s.,  xiv,  175-182, 

1870.") 

Mosasauridae         ">  Mosasauridae,  Cope,  T.  A.  P.  S., 

n.  s.,  xiv,  182-211,  1870. 

"^  TyphlopLtbaliui,  pars.,  Dum.  et  Bib.,  Erp.  Geu. 

«*  Typhlinidae,  Gray. 

«» Acontiidae,  Cope,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  18G4,  230. 

'"  Ophisauri,  Merrera  ;  Animliiti,  Wiegruaun;  Ptychopleures  cllyptodermes,  Dum.  et 
Bib. ;  Ampbisbaenoidea,  Miiller. 

"  Arapbisbaenidae,  Wiegmann. 

"Trogouopbes,  Wiegraaun,  Fitzinger. 

" Pytbonomorpba,  Cope,  Proc.  Boat.  Nat.  Hist.  Soc,  1869,  251;  Lacertilia  Natantia, 
Owen,  Paleontograpbical  Soc.  Cretaceous  Reptiles. 


:! 


21 


• 

Order  OPHIDIA. 

■1    1 

' 

ScOLECOPniDIA. 

8.     1 

(Scolecophidia,  Dum.  et  Bib.'*) 

H^B 

Typhlopidao 

=  Typhlopidao,  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A.  S., 

s  B.     % 

xix,  237,  1871  (name  only)." 

Stenostomidae 

=  Stenostomidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A.  S., 

liila.,      1 

xix,  237,  1871  (name  only).'" 

TOETRICINA. 

(Tortricina,  Miiller.") 

.'")         1 

Tortricidae 

=  Tortricidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S.  Phila., 

Tort.    1 

1864,  230. 

1                       H 

Uropcltidae 

—  Uropeltidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S.  Phila., 

Tort. 

18G4,  230.'' 

2 

• 

AsmEA. 

* 

(Asinea,  Miiller,  Cope.) 
a.   Perooda. 

-182, 

(Peropoda,  Muller.) 

P.    Sm 

1  Xenopeltidae 

=  Xenopeltidae,   Cope,   P.  A.  K   S. 

1 

Phila.,  1864,  230.'^ 

I  Pythonidae 

=  Pythonidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S.  Phila., 

1 

1864,  230.^' 

Dum.  et 


^atantta, 


"  Scolecophidia  et  Catodonta,  Cope,  Proc.  Aciid.       o.  8oi.  Phila.,  1864,  230. 

'^Epuuodontiens,  Dum.  et  Bib. 

•"Ciitodoutiens,  Dum.  et  Bib.;  Catodonta,  Cope,  olim. 

"Tortricina,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1864,  230. 

"  Uropeltacea,  Peters ;  Rhinophidae,  Gray. 

'*  Xenopeltidae,  Gthr.,  Reptiles  British  India.  . ,  • 

*  Holodontiens,  Dum,  et  Bib. 


I'M' 


iiii  ( 


:ii''' 


Hi. 


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1  H 

11 


M 

m. 


I: 


111: 


Boidae 
Lichanuridae 


Achrochordidae 
Homalopsidae 
Colubridae 
Ehabdosomidae 


Elapidae 
N'ajidae 


22 

=  Boidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S.  Phila., 

1864,  230.'' 
=  Liclianundae,   Cope,   P.  A.   N.   S. 

Phila.,  1868,  2. 

b.   Colubroidea. 

=  Achrochordidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S. 

Phila.,  1864,  231.^ 
=  Homalopsinae,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S. 

Phila.,  1864,  167.^' 
=  Colubridae,  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A,  S., 

xix,  238,  1870.'* 
=  Ehabdosomidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  A.  A. 

S.,  xix,  238,  1870.'= 

Peoteroglypha. 
a.   Gonocerca, 

=  Elapidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S.  Phila., 

1864,  231.'' 
=  Najidae,  Cope,  P.  A.  N.  S.  Phila., 

1864,  231." 


*'  Aproterodontiens,  Diini.  et  Bib. 

**  Achrocbordiens,  Dura,  et  Bib. 

*3  Natricidae,  pars,  Gtbr.,  Cat.  Col.  Snakes  B.  M.,  1858,  50-84,  Potaniopbilidae,  Jan. 

s^Aainea,  Group  jS^bb,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18G-1,  231;  Calamaridae, 
Olgodoutidae,  Coronellidae,  Colubridae,  Dryadidae,  Deudropbididae,  Dryiophididai', 
Psamraopbididae,  Lycodontidao,  Scytalidao,  Dipsadidae,  etc.,  Gtbr.,  Cat.  Col.  Snakes 
B.  M.,  1858,  et  op.  alt. 

86  Calamaridae  partim,  Gtbr.,  Cat.  Col.  Snakes  B.  M.,  1858,  2-22. 

»  Elapidae  (pars),  Gtbr.,  Cat.  Col.  Snakes  B.  M.,  1858,  209-237. 

"  Elayidae  {rnvs  altera),  Gtbr.,  Cat.  Col.  Snakes  B.  M.,  1858,  209-237. 


4 


Hydropbidae 


28 

b.  Platycerca, 

=  Hydridae,  Gray,  Cat.  Snakes  B.  M., 
2,  35,  40,  1849.'^ 

SOLENOGLYPHA.®' 

(Solenoglypba,  Dum.  et  Bib.) 

iitractaspididao      =  Atractaspididae,  Gtbr.,  Cat.  Snakes 

B.  M.,  239,  1858.'° 
=  Causidac,  Cope,  P.  A.  K  S.,  Pbila., 

1859,  334. 
=  Viperidac,   Gray,  Cat.   Brit.   Mus., 

p.  18.^' 
=  Crotabdae,  Gray,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.' 


Causidae 

Viperidae 

Crotabdae 


92 


«« Ilydridiie,  Gray;  Hydropbidae,  Schmidt,  Fischer;  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1859 
333. 

«» Viperidao,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1859,  333. 

yo  Atractaspidinae,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1859,  334. 

9'  Vipe-ioae,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1859;  Giintber. 

^  Crotalinae,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1859 ;  GUnther,  Cat.  Col.  Snakes  B. 
M.  et  auctorum. 


'11 

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I>A^IIT   II. 

CHECK-LIST 

OF 

THE  SPECIES  OF  BATMCHIA  AND  REPTILIA 

Oi' 

THE  NEARCTIC  OR  NORTH  AMERICAN  REALM. 


ll 

Iflll, 

ii!'; 

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BATRACHIA. 

TEACHYSTOMATA. 

SIRENIDAE. 

SiEEN,  Liun. 

Siren  lacertina,  Linn. ;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp^itology,  vol.  v,  p.  101. 
The  Austroriparian  region ;  extreme  i)oints  North  Carolina,  Florida, 
Matamoras,  Mexico,  and  Alton,  Illinois. 

PSEUDOBRANCHUS,  Gray. 

Fseudohra.iehus  striatns,  LeConte;  Holbrook,  American  Herpetology, 
vol.  V,  p.  109.    Georgia. 

PEOTEIDA. 

PROTEIDAE. 

Necturus,  Eaf. 

tectums  lateralis,  Say;  Holbrook,  Am.  Herp.,  vol.  v,  i)p.  Ill,  115. 
Eastern  region  except  New  England  and  eastern  Middle  States: 
from  a  few  points  in  the  Austroriparian. 

Necturns  punctatusj  Gibbes.    Eastern  South  Carolina. 


25 


CADUCIBRANCHIATA. 

AMPHIUMIDAE. 
Amphiuma,  Liim. 

Amphiuma  means,  Linn.;  Holbrook,  Am.  Herp.,  v,  p.  89.    Austrori- 
pariiiu  region,  from  North  Carolina  to  Mississippi. 

MuRAENOPSis,  Fitzinger. 

Muraenopsis  tridactylusj  Cuvier;  Holbrook,  Am.  Herp.,  v,  p.  93.  Mis- 
sissippi and  Louisiana. 

MENOPOMIDAE. 

Menopoma,  Harl. 

Menopoma  alleglieniense,  Harl. ;  Holbrook,  Am.  Herp.,  v,  p.  95.  All 
tributaries  of  the  Mississippi,  and  streams  of  the  Louisiauian  dis- 
trict to  North  Carolina. 

Menopoma  fusciim,  Holbrook,  Am.  Herp.,  v,  p.  99.  Headwaters  of  the 
Tennessee  liiver. 

AMBLYSTOMIDAE. 

Amblystoma,  Tschudi. 

Amblystoma  talpoideurnj  Holbrook  ;  Cope,  Proceedings  Academy  Phila- 
delphia, 1867,  p.  172.  Austroriparian  region ;  mountains  of  South 
Carolina. 

\Ambhjstoma  opacum,  Gravenhorst ;  Cope,  Proceed.  Acad.  Phila.,  18G7, 
p.  173.    From  Pennsylvania  to  Florida,  to  Wisconsin,  and  to  Texas. 

XAmbly^toma  punctatum,  Linn. ;  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  18G7,  p.  175.  United 
States,  east  of  the  plains  ;  Nova  Scotia. 

Amblystoma  conspersum,,  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  1807,  177.  Pennsylvania  to 
Georgia. 

imblystoma  bicolor,  Hallowell ;  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  178.    New  Jers'  ^. 

imblysioma  tigrinum,  Green;  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  179.     United  i   ;  t    .,  east 
of  the  plains. 

imbhjstoma  mavortiiim,  Baird ;  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  184.     United  States,  in 
the  Central,  Sonoran,  and  Pacific  regions. 

imblystoma  mavortium,,  Baird;  subspecies  californiense,  Gray;   Cope, 
loc.  cit.,  p.  187.    Pacific  region. 


I 


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26 

Amhlystoma  ohscuriim,  Baird ;  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  p.  192.    Iowa. 
Amblystoma  xlphias,  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  p.  192.    Ohio. 
Amhlystoma  irisniptum,  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  p.  194.    New  Mexico. 
Amblystoma  jeffersonianum,  Green,  subspecies  jcffcrsonianum,  Green;    | 

Cope,  loc.  cit.,  p.  195.    Pennsylvania  and  Ohio,  and  northward. 
Amblystoma  jeffcrsonianum.  Green,  subspecies  lateralc,  Ilallowell ;  Oopv.; 

loc.  cit.,  p.  197.    Canada  and  Wisconsin,  and  northward. 

Amblystoma  jeffcrsonianum,  Green,  subspecies  fuscum,  Hallowell ;  Cope, 

loc.  cit.,  197.    Indiana  and  Virginia. 
Amblystoma  jeffersonianum,  Green,  snh&}}ee\es  platincum ;  Cope,  loc.  cit.,    1 

p.  198.    Ohio. 
Amblystoma  macrodactylum,  Baird ;   Cope,  loc.  cit.,  p.   108.      Pacific 

region. 
Ambly stoma paroticum,  Baird  ;  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  p.  200.    Vancouver's  Island 

and  Washington  Territory. 

Amblystoma  aterrimum,  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  p.  201.    Northern  Rocky  Mount-  | 

ains. 
Amblystoma  tenebrosum,  Baird  and  Girard ;   Oope,  loc.  cit.,  p.  202. 

Pacific  region  of  Oregon  iind  California. 

Amblystoma  texanum,  Matthes ;  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  p.  204.    Texas. 
Amblystoma  cingulatum.  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  p.  205.    South  Carolina. 
Amblystoma  microstomum,  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  p.  20G.    Austroriparian  and  "| 
Eastern  regions,  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 

DiOAMPTODON,  Strauch. 

Dicamptodon  ensatus,  Eschscholz,  Zoological  Atlas,  part  v,  p.  6,  pi.  xxii. 

Pacific  region. 

PLETHODONTIDAE. 

Batrachoseps,  Bonap. 

Batrachoseps  attenvatus,    Eschscholz,   Hallowell,   Jour.  Acad.   Phihi., 
1858,  p.  348.    Pacific  region. 

Batrachoseps  nigrivcntris.  Cope,  Proceed.  Acad.   Phila.,   18G9,  p.  %.\ 
Fort  Tejon,  California. 

Batrachoseps  pacificus,  Cope,  Proceed.  Acad.  18C5,  p.  195.    Santa  Bar- 
bara, Cal. 

Hemidactylium,  Tschudi. 

Memidactylium  scutatum,  Schlegel ;  Dum^ril  et  Bibron,  Erp.  G^n^rale, 
ix,  p.  118-9.    Khode  Island  to  Illinois,  and  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 


27 

;  Plethodon,  Tschudi. 

ridhodon  cinereus,  Green,  subspecies  cinereus,  Green  j  Cope,  Proceed. 

Acad.  Phila.,  1869,  p.  99.    Eastern  region. 
ricthodon  civfeus,  Green,  subspecies  erythronotiis,  Green  j   Holbrook, 

N.  Am.  nerp.,  v,  p.  43.    Eastern  region. 
rietluxlon  chicrcus,  Green,  subspecies  dorsalis^  Baird,  MSS.    Louisville, 

Ky. ;  Salem,  Mass. 
Plcthodon  intermcdius,    Baird,    Proceed.  Acad.    Phila.,  1857,  p.  209. 

Vancouver's  Island. 
\Flethodon  gluthiosus,  Green;  Copv'),  loc.  cit.,  18G9,  p.  99.    Eastern  and 

Austroriparian  regions. 
IPIethodon  orcgonensis,  Girard  ;  Cope,  loc.  cit,  p.  99.    Pacific  region. 
iFlcthodon  JlavipunctatuSj   Straucb.,  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg, 

1871,  xvi,71.    ?Nev7  Albion,  Cal. 
I  Plethodon  croceater,  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  1857,  p.  210.     Lower  California. 

Stereochilus,  Cope. 
Stereockihis  marginatum,  Hallowoll ;  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  1869, 101.    Georgia. 

Manculus,  Cope. 

Manculus  rcmifer.  Cope,  Report  of  Peabody  Academy,  Salem,  Mass., 
1809,  p.  84.    Florida. 

Manculus  quadridigitatus,  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  v,  p.  G5.    North 
Carolina  to  Florida. 

Spelerpes,  Raf. 

Spclerpes  multlplicatus,  Cope,  Proceed.    Acad.    Phila.,   1869,   p.   106. 
Arkansas. 

\Spclerpcs  hilineatus,  Green ;  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  p.  105.   Eastern  and  Austrori- 
parian regions,  excepting  Texas. 

\Spc1crpcs  longicaudus,  Green ;   Cope,  loc.   cit,  p.   105.      Eastern  and 
Austroriparian  regions,  except  Texas. 

^Spelerpes  guttolineatus,  Holbrook;  Co{)e,  loc.  cit.,  p.  105.    North  and 
South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Alabama. 

^Spclerpes  ruber,  Daudin,  subspecies    ruber,  Daudiu;   Cope,  loc.  cit., 
18G9, 105.    Eastern  and  Austroriparian  regions. 


RtJi 


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28 

Spelerpes  ruber,  subspecies  siiciiceps,  Baird,  MSS.    South  Carolin.i. 
Spelerpes  ruber,  Daudin,   subspecies    montamis,    Baiid ;    Jour.  Acad. 

Phila.,  vol.  i,  p.  293.    Alleghany  Mountains,  from  Pennsylvania  to 

South  Carolina^. 

Gyrinophtlus,  Cope. 

Gyrinophilus  porphyriticus,  Green ;  Cope,  Proceed.  Acad.  Pliila.,  18G9, 
p.  108.    Alleghany  Mountains,  from  New  York  to  Alabama. 

Ana  IDES,  Baird. 

Anaides  lugtibris,  Hallowell ;  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  1809,  p.  109.    Entire  Pacific 
region. 

Anaides  ferrcus,  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  18C9,  p.  109.    Oregon. 


DESMOGNATHIDAE. 

Desmognathus,  Baird. 

Desmognathus  ochrophaca,  Cope,  Proceed.  Acad.  Phi  a,,  1869,  p.  113. 
Alleghany  Mountains,  from  New  York  to  Georgia. 

Desmognathus  fusca,  Eaflnesqne;  Cope,  loc.  cit,,  115  ;  subspecies /wsm, 
Eaf.;  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  110.  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  to  Biloxi, 
Mississippi. 

Desmognathus  fusca,  Raf.,  subspecies  auriculata,  Holbrook ;  Cope, 
loc.  cit.,  p.  110.    South  Carolina  to  Louisiana. 

Desmognathus  nigra,  Green  ;  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  p.  117.  Alleghany  Mount- 
ains, from  Pennsylvania  southward. 

PLEURODELIDAE. 

DiEMYCTYLUS,  Rafinesque. 

Diemyctylus  torosus,  Eschscholz ;  Girard,  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.,  1858,  p.  5. 
Pacific  region. 

Diemyctylus  miniatus,  Raf.,  subspe«i'"s  miniatus,  Raf.;   Ilallowell,  loc. 

cit.;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  v,  p.  57.     Eastern  and  Austrori- 

parian  regions. 
Diemyctylus   miniatus,  Raf.,    subspecies    viridescens,  Raf.;    Holbrook, 

N.  Am.  Herp.,  v,  p.  77.    Eastern  and  Austroripariau  regions. 


29 


ANURA. 

BUFONIFORMIA. 

BUFONIDAE. 

BuFo,  Lauren  ti. 

Bvfo  pimctatm,  Baird;  Giranl    U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  ii,  p.  25. 
Sonorau  and  Lower  Californiau  regions. 

Bvfo  dehilh.  Girard ;  Baird,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  ii,  p.  20  (J5.  insiiUor). 

Sonoran  region. 
Biifo  halophilus,  Baird ;  Girard,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  ii,  p.  2G.   Pacific 

region. 

Biifo  columhiensis,  Baird ;  Girard,  Herpetology  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.,  77. 
Pacific  region  and  Montana. 

Bnfo  nlvarhts,  Girard,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  ii,  p.  26.    Sonoran 
region. 

Bufo  microscaphns,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1800,  p.  301. 

Sonoran  region. 
Bufo  fipeciosus,  Girard,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  ii,  p.  2G.    Lower  Rio 

Grande  (Sonoran). 

Bufo  lentiginosuSj  Shaw,  subspecies  frontosus,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Pbila., 
18G6,  p.  301.    Sonoran  region. 

Bufo  lentiginosusj  subspecies  cognatus,  Say ;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Ilerp.,  v, 

p.  21.    Texan  district. 
Bufo  lentiginosus,  subspecies  americamis,  LeConte;  Holbrook,  Girard, 

U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  ii,  p.  25.    Eastern  and  Austroriparian 

regions  to  the  plains. 

Bufo  lentiginosus,  subspecies  lentiginosus,  Latr.;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp., 

V,  p.  7.    Austroriparian  region. 
Bufo  lentiginosus,  subspecies  foiclcrii,  Putnam,  MSS.    Massachusetts  to 

Lake  Winnipeg. 

Bufo  quercicus,  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  v,  p.  13 ;  Cope,  Proc.  Acad. 

Phila.,  1862,  p.  341.    Eloridau  and  Eastern  Lousianian  districts  to 

North  Carolina. 
Bufo  valliceps,  Wiegmann ;  Girard,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  ii,  p.  25, 

pi.  xl,  figs.  1-4  {B.  nehuliferj  Girard).    Texan  district  (also  Mexico). 


/    i 


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30 
FIRMISTERNIA. 

ENGYSTOMIDAE. 

Enoystoma,  Fitziiiger. 

Engyntoma  earoUnensc,  Uolbrook,  N.  Arn.  Ilcrp.,  v,  p.  23.    Austroripa- 
rian  region. 

ARCIFERA. 

HYLIDAE. 

ACRis,  Diim.,  Bibr. 

Acris  gryllus,  LeCoiite,  subspecies  grylliis,  Uolbrook,  N.  Am.  Ilerp.,  iv, 
!>.  131.    Austroriparian  region. 

Acris  gryllus,  LeConte,  subspecies  crepitans,  Baird,  U.  S.  Mcx.  Bound. 
Surv.,  ii,  p.  28.    Eastern  and  Central  regions. 

CiioiiopiiiLUS,  Baird. 

ChoropMlus  triserkitus,  Wied,  subspecies  clarkii,  Baird,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound. 
Surv.,  p.  28.    Texan  district. 

ChoropMlus  triseriaUis,  subspecies  triscriatus,  Wied.    Central  and  East- 
ern regions. 
ChoropMlus  triseriatus,  subspecies  corporalis,  Cope,  MSS.    New  Jersey. 

ChoropMlus  nigritus,  LeConte ;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  iv,  p.  107.   South 
Carolina  and  Georgia. 

ChoropMlus  angulatusj  Cope  {GysHgnathns  ocularis),  Ilolbrook,  N.  Am. 
Herp.,  iv,  p.  137.    South  Carolina. 

ChoropMlus  ocularis,  Daudin  ' Cystignathus  ornatus),  Giintlier,  Cat.  Bat. 
Salien.  Brit.  Mus.,  p.  29.    South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 

ChoropMlus  ornatus,  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  iv,  p.  25.    South  Carolina; 
Georgia. 

Hyla,  Laurenti. 

Hyla  curta,  Cope,  Froc.  Acad.  Pliila.,  18GG,  p.  313.    Lower  Californiau  j 
region. 

Hyla  regilla,  Baird ;  Girard,  TJ.  S.  Expl.  Exped.,  p.  60.    Pacific  region. 

Hyla  eximia,  Baird,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  p.  29.    Sonoran  region. 

Hyla  andersonii,  Baird ;  Cope,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.,  18G2,  154.    New  Jer- 
sey to  South  Carolina. 


31 

Ilyla  aqiilrcllay  D.aiuliii;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  TIerp.,  iv,  pi.  30.  Austrori- 
p.irinn  region. 

Jlyla  caroUncmis,  PeniiJint;  Uolbrook,  N.  Am.  Ilerp.,  iv,  p.  20.  Austro- 
ri pariun  region. 

Ilyla  caroUncmis,  Penn.,  subspecies  semifaHciata,  llallowell,  Proc.  Aca<l. 
Pliiln.,  185G,  30G.    Texan  district. 

Hyla  pickeruiffii,  Ilolbroolc,  N.  Am.  llorp.,  iv,  pi.  31.     Eastern  region. 

Ilyla  feynoralis,  Daudin ;  ITolbrook,  N.  Am.  Ilerp.,  iv,  p.  31.    Eastern 

part  of  Austroriparian  region. 
Ilyla  versicolor,  LeConto;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Ilerp.,  iv,  p.  28.    Eastern 

and  Austror'\)arian  regions. 

Ilyla  arcnicolor,  Cope;  Baird,  U.  S.  Bound.  Surv.,  2').    Sonoran  region. 

Ilyla  cadaverina,  Cope;  llallowell,  U.  9.  P.  R.  11.  Surv.,  x,  Williamson's 
Report,  21.    Pacific  region. 

Ilyla {iratlosa,  LeConte,  Proc.  Acad.  Pliila.,  185G,  14G.    Florida;  Lower 

Georgia. 

Smilisca,  Cope. 

Sinilisca  haudinU,  Dum.,  Bibr. ;  Baird,  U.  S.  Bound.  Surv.,  p.  29,  pi. 
xxxviii,  figs.  1-3.    Lower  Rio  Grande,  Mexico. 

CYSTIGNATUIDAE. 

LiTiiODYTES,  Cope. 

Lithodytcs  ricordii,  Duin.,  Bibr.;  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Pliila.,  18G2,  153. 
Southern  Florida  (Bahamas;  Cuba). 

Epiuhexis,  Cope. 
Ejyirhexis  longipcs,  Baird,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  pi.  xxxvii,  figs  1-3. 


Lower  Rio  Grande. 


SCAPniOPlDAE. 


Spea,  Cope. 
Spea  hombifrons,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  18G3,  p.  53.    Central  region. 

Spca  hammo7idii,  Baird;  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  18G3,  p.  53.    Pacific 
region  to  San  Diego. 

^pca  imdUplicatay  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  p.  52.    Near  city  of  Mexico. 

ScAPiiiopus,  Ilolbrook. 

SvapJiiopiis  variusj  Cope,  subspecies  varius,  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  p.  52.    Lower 
California. 


32 


I" 


I'* 

I 


i'!' 

!!i; 


fr 

& 

k 
if;;;' 
lt;i;i, 


m 
P! 

I;.  'i^>' 


li'lijii 


i<  vn 


"I  !•■  ,1 


.111 

ill 


Ihm 


ScaphiopuH  rnrhiHy  Copo,  Hubspccics  rcctifrcniHj  Cope,  loc.  cit.,  p.  53. 

Soiioran  icjj;ion. 
ScaphiopuH  mnchii^  Bairil;  Copo,  loc.  cit.,  p.  52.    Sonoran  rcj^ion. 

Scaph'mpm  liolhrookU,  Harlan;  C<)[)0,  loc.  cit.,  p.  54.  Eastern  and  Aus- 
troripariiin  regions. 

EANIFORMIA. 

RANIDAE. 
Rana,  Linn. 

Jiana  arenUtta^  IJainl  and  (lirard,  Hubspedcs  capito,  LcCoute,  Proc.  Acad. 
Phila.,  1S55,  p.  425.     Floridan  district. 

Bana  arcolata.,  liaird  and  Glrard,  snbapecicH  arcolata,  Bd.  Gir.,  U.  S. 
Mox.  Bound.  Surv.,  28,  pi.  xxxvi,  figs.  11-12.    Texan  district. 

Rana  monlezumac,  Baird,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  p.  27.  Mexican 
plateau. 

Rana  haleclna^  Kalm ;  Ilolbrook,  N.  Am.  Ilerp.,  iv,  ]).  01  ;  subspecies 
halecina,  Ilallowell,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  185G,  pp.  141,  250.  Eastern 
coast-countries  of  Eastern  and  Austrori[)aria!i  regions. 

Rana  halecina,  Kalm,  salvspecies  hcrlandlcri,  Buird,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound. 
Surv\,  p.  27.    Entire  Interior  of  North  America;  Mexico. 

Rana  palustris,  LeConte;  Ilolbrook,  N.  Am.  Ilerp.,  iv,  p.  05.    Eastern 

region. 
Rana  septcntrionalis,  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1854,  p.  Gl  {R.  sinuata^ 

Bd.).    Canada  to  Montana. 

Rana  damitans,  Merrem.;  Ilolbrook,  N.  Am.  Ilerp,,  iv,  pp.  85-87.  East- 
ern region,  Louisianiau  district. 

Rana  catesblana,  Shaw;  Ilolbrook,  N.  Am.  Ilerp.,  iv,  j).  77.  Eastern  and 
Austroriparian  regions. 

Rana  tcmporaria,  Linn.,  subspecies  aurora,  Bd.;  Gird.,  U.  S.  Expl.  Expwl. 
Herp.,  p.  .18. 

Rana  tcmporaria,  Linn.,  subspecies  silvatica,  LeConte;  Ilolbrook,  N.  Am.    " 

Herp.,  iv,  p.  24.    Eastern  region. 
Rana  temporaria,  Linn.,  subspecies  cantabrigcnsis,  Baird,  Proc.  Acad. 

Phila.,  1854,  ]}.  61.    Canadian  district  of  Eastern  region  to  Kocky 

Mountains. 

Rana  pretiosa,  Baird ;  Girard,  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.  Herp.,  p.  20.  Pacific 
subregion. 


33 


OPJIIDIA. 


,,  '^^'^J,!). -00.    T\'-estern 

r...  ,  ^«OTALUH,  Limi. 

i^'otalmppr/tus,  Cope  Proc  Pi  -i 

U.    Arizona.  '  """"'-  U-  S.  Mex  Il„u„„.  Su,^.,  ^„,  ..  „ 

zona.  ''"'"^•«-»^-«o-U.S„„,,,,,.^.j^ 

C/o/«/MAren»/o,Coi)e,J»roc  Acul  i>.  •, 

Austroripanan  regions.  '  ^^- ^'■'- neiP,  ni, ,,  ».    Eastern  a„d 

'^o»er  California.         '  ■'""  ^"^^^^  '»  «<».ora  a„„  SoutS    ,"  ,,' 

«onora.f^^I^;^^•/^.'•■•"•''»■"•Girard,Ioc.oit   „s     r    . 
Cm,,.,  '  ""^"''Og  Texan  district  nf  m    'J  ^™''''''  nuJ 

C'»W,«  «,„,„,«     Bainl  and  Girard  r  7  ^"W'-oriparian. 

'"8  "'«  Texan  district.         "'"'  ""''■' "'  '»•    So-omn  region,  enter. 

^««o»«.„r„  Cone  p''^™'""'^'  ''"""''"'•  '• 

Mexico.      '  ^''''''  ''■■"'■  A"---'!-  P'"la.,  18«,7, ,,  ,„,     „  , ,    , 
3„  'ii.'i.    Table  land  of 


in" 


I'!! 


n.  n 


!fl 


ILi"  ll 


;'i 


■'•I' 


!'i 


I 


m 


84 

Caudixona  mUtmia,  Liiiii.;  IJainl  nnd  Giriiid,  Cat.,  p.  1 1.    Aiistioiipiirian 
regiuii  uiid  Sonura. 

Canilmma  alironhii,  IJalid  ami  Ginud,  Cat.,  p.  l."i.    Sonoran  roK'on- 

CaiuUHona  terf/cmhui,  Say;  IJaird  and  (lirard,  CJat., )».  It.     Ijastrni  it';;ion 
AV(!st  oftlio  Allc^^Iiciiy  jMouiitains;  (Icorgia. 

ANriSTitODON,  ncaiivdis. 

Ancistrodon  pisciroruH,  Lacrpi'di*,  sultspccics  itisdronis^  Lacrpidc;  Haird 
and  (iirard,  Cat.,  19.    Au.strorii)ariaii  n'j,'ioii,  except  Texa.s. 

Anc'iHirodon  pisvivonis,  Lacrprde,  siil».si)('cit's^>»^)jrtj',  Daird  and  (iirard. 
Cat.,  p.  L'O.     Texan  <listrict. 

Ancisirodon  contortrix,  Linn. ;  Hainl  and  (Iirard,  (Jat.,  p.  17.   l^ntire  lu'isl ■ 

ern  and  Austrori[)aiian  rej^ions. 
Ancistrodtm  atro/uHvus,   Troost. ;   Jlolbrook,   N.   Am.  IFcrp.,  iii,  p.  43, 

jMonntain.s  ofTennessi-e  and  North  Carolina, 

PllOTEliOGLYrilA 

ELAPIDAE. 

'  Elaps,  Schneider. 

Ehq)s  fulriun,  Linn.,  IJaird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  21 ;  subspecies  fulrius. 
Austroriparian  region. 

Elaj^s  fulviiis,  Linn.,  .subspecies  tencr,  Buird  and  Girard,  Cao.,  p.  22. 
Texas. 


Elaps  euryxanthus,  Kennicott,  rroc.  Acad.  I'hila.,  18G0,  p.  337.  Sono- 
ran rey;ion. 

EUqis  di8ta7i8,  Kennicott,  loc.  cit.,  ]>.  338.    Chihuahua  j  Florida. 

A8INEA. 

COLUBRIDAE. 

CARPiiorniops,  Gervais. 

Carphojyhiops  hcknae,  Kennicott,  Proc.  ^Vcad.  Pliila.,  1859,  p.  100.  South- 
ern Illinois ;  Mississippi. 

Curphophiops  amoenus,  Say;  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  129.  Massachu- 
setts to  Louisiana  and  Illinois. 

Co}'pho2)hio2}s  vermis,  Kennicott,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1859,  p.  99.  Mis- 
souri ;  Kansas. 


i  ;'■.;. 


35 

ViuoiN»A,  Hftird  mid  Girartl. 

Vlnjhiia  haijxrti,  Duni.,  lUbr.,  Kri)»'t<»l()gio  GoiuTalo,  vol.  vi.  p.  135. 
Texas;  ?(;corgia. 

yhujUua  rahfiac,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  127.    Maryland  to  Illinois 
and  North  Carolina. 

Viffliiiia  clepnns,  Kcnnicott,  Proc  Acad.  Pliila.,  1859,  p.  {){).    Soutlioru 
Illinoi.s;  Arkan.saH. 

IIaldea,  Baird  and  Girard. 

Ilahka  strhitiila,  liinn. ;  IJaird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  122.     Virginia  to 
Texas. 

Tantilla,  Baird  and  Girard. 

TantlUa  pUtniirps,  Illainville ;  JJaiid  and  Girard,  Cat,  p.  154.      Lower 
California. 

TaUiiUa  (jrHcilis,  Baird  and  Giranl,  Cat.,  p.  l.'{2.    Texas. 

TaniiUa  lialloicellil,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  ISCl,  p.  7.    Texas. 

Tiinfllla  nigriccpHy  Kcnnicott,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  18C0,  ii28.     Texasj 
New  Mexico;  Arizon.i. 

Tantilla  coronata,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  131.    Georgia;  Mis.si.ssippi. 

Abastor,  Gray. 

Abastor  erythroffmmmus,  Dandin  ;  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  125.    North 
Carolina  to  Alabama. 

Fauan(:ia,  Gray. 

Farancia  «&rtCJ»Yf,  llolbrook ;  Baird  and  Crirard,  Cat.,  p.  12.'].    Aiistro- 

riparian  region. 

ClIILOMENISCUS,  Cope. 

Chilomcniscus  straminctis,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  18G0,  p.  339.    Lower 
Calilbrnia. 

Chilomcniscvfi  cpli'tppicus,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1807,  p.  85.    Owen 
Valley,  Calilbrnia  (Sonoran  subregion). 

Chilomcniscus  ciiictus,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  18G1,  p.  303.     Sonora. 

CniONACTis,  Cope. 

Chionadis  occipitalis,  Ilallowell,  U.  S.  Pacific  R.  R.  Survey,  vol.  x,  Will- 
iamson's Report,  p.  15.    Fort  Mojave,  Arizona. 


11 ;: 


I 


i 


I 


m 


PI 

I 
p 


m 


t 


m 


l§ 


mm 


■ii'^'i 


mm 


W 

'>i'  J" 
■  III' 


'tif 


M 
ill 


33 

Chionactis  occipitalis,  Hallowell,  subspecies  annulata,  Kenuicott,  U.  S. 
Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  vol.  ii,  p.  22.     Colorado  Desert,  Arizona. 

CoNTiA,  Caird  and  Girard. 

Contia  mitis,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  110.    Pacific  region. 
Contia  isozona,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Piiila.,  18G6,  p.  301.    Utah ;  Arizona. 
Contia  e^nscopa,  Kennicott,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  ii,  p.  22.    Texas. 
Contia  pygaca.  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1871,  p.  222.    Florida. 

SoNORA,  Baird  and  Girard. 

Sonora  semiannulata,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  117.    Sonora. 

LoDiA,  Baird  and  Girard. 

Lodia  tenuis,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  116.    Washington  Territory. 

Gyalopium,  Cope. 

Oyalopium  canum,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1800,  243.    Arizona. 

Cemopiiora,  Cope. 

Cemopliora  coccinea,  Blumenbach,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  118.    Aus- 
troriparian  region.  ^ 

Ehinochilus,  Baird  and  Girard. 

RliinocMlus  lecontei,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  120.    Sonoran  and  South- 
ern Pacific  regions. 

Osceola,  Baird  and  Girard. 

Osceola  elapsoidea,  Ilolbrook ;  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  133.  Virginia  to 
Florida. 

Ophibolus,  Baird  and  Girard. 

Ojihibolus doliatits,  JAiin.,  subspecies  coccinews,  Schlegel ;  Baird  and  Girard, 
Cat.,  p.  89.    Florida  to  New  Mexico ;  Kansas. 

Ophibolus  doliatus,  Linn.,  subspecies  amaunis,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila., 
18C0,  p.  258. 

Ophibolus  doliatus,  Linn.,  subspecies  gcntiUs,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p. 
90.    Arkansas. 

Ophibolus  doliatus,  Linn.,  subspecies  annulatus,  Kenuicott,  Proc.  Acad. 
Phila.,  1860,  p.  329.    Kansas;  Arkansas  and  Texas. 


37 

Ophibolus  doliutus,  Liuu.,  subspecies  doliatus,  Liuu. ;  Cope,  Proc.  Acad., 
18G0,  p.lioG.  Maiyhmd  and  Virgiuia  to  Kansas ;  Arkansas,  Louisi- 
ana, and  Texas. 

Opliibolus  (loliatits,  Linn.,  var.  tr'uDujulus,  Bole;  Baird  and  Giraid,  Cat., 
p.  61.    From  Virginia  nortliward  to  Canada,  Iowa,  and  Wisconsin. 

Opliiholm  midtistratiis,  Keunicott,  Proc.  Acad.  Pbila.,  18C0,  p.  328.  Xc- 
braslva. 

Ophibolus  jjyrrhomelas,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1800,  p.  305.  Arizona 
and  California. 

Ophibolus  (jetnlu,s,  Linn.,  subspecies  boylu^  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  82. 
Pacitic  and  Sonoran  regions. 

Ophiboius  fictuhis,  Linn.,  subspecies  CDnJitncfHn,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  l*bila., 
1801, 30L     Lower  California. 

Ophtbolus  (jetulm^  Linn.,  subspecies  .spkndUlns^  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p. 
83.    Sonoran  region. 

Oiihlbolm  (letiilufi,  var.  myi,  nolbrt)ok ;  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  84. 
United  States,  between  the  Allegheny  and  llocky  Mountains,  from 
the  Gulf  of  JMexico  to  Illinois. 

Ophibolxs  (jciulus,  Linn. ;  subspecies  {letnliiSj  Linn. ;  Baird  and  Girard, 
Cut.,  p.  S~).  From  rilaryland  to  Florida  and  Louisiana,  east  of  the 
Alk'ghenies. 

Ophibolns  mlij'orniac,  llhnwy.',  PKiird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  153.  Lower 
California. 

Ophibolxs  rhomhom((cul((tus,  llolbi'ook ;  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  8G.- 
Xorth  Carolina  to  Georgia. 

Ophibolns  calligasttr,  Say;  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  18G0,  p.  255.  Illi- 
nois to  Kansas  and  Arkansas. 

DiADoriiis,  Baird  and  Girard. 

Duahiphis  punctatxtt,  Linn.,  subspecies  piinctatus,  Linn.;  Baird  and 
Giranl,  Cat.,  p.  112.  United  States  and  Canada,  east  of  the  plains 
and  Texas. 

l>(a'h)i)hls  jmnctatm,  Linn.,  subspecies  stictvucnys,  Cope,  Proc.  xVcad. 
Phila.,  ISGO,  p.  250.    Texas. 

I>i(i(hphis  punctatus,  Linn.,  subspecies  amahills,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat., 
p.  113.  Pacitic  and  Sonoran  regions ;  occasional  in  Texan  district 
and  Central  and  Eastern  regions  as  far  as  Ohio. 


[  .-■■' 


§ 


'JV . 


Mil 

11; 


t^lij't  • 

mi' 


m  i 


I!'  i. 

i{  \ 

111 


m 


11  * 


38 

DiadopJiis  dysopcs,  Cope,  Pioc.  Acad.,  18G0,  p.  251.     Habitat  uuknown.- 

Biadoplds  arnyi,  Kenuicott,  Proe.  Acad.,  1859,  p.  90.    Illiuois  and  Kan- 
sas. 

Diadophin  rcgalis,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  115.    Arizona  j   Sonora. 

CoNiopnANES,  Hallowell. 

Coniophanes  imperialism  Girard,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  vol.  ii,  p.  23. 

Chihuahua. 

HYPSiaLENA,  Cope. 

Sypsiglena  ochrorliyncha.  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.,  1860,  246.    Lower  Califor- 
nia north  to  San  Diego. 

Hypsiglena  ochrorhyncha,  Cope,  subspecies  cliloropliaea^  Cope,  loc.  cit., 
1860,  p.  247.    Arizona. 

SiBON,  Fitziuger. 

■Sihon  annulatum,  Linn.,  subspecies  scptentrionale^  Kennicott,  U.  S.  Mex. 
Bound.  Surv.,  vol.  ii,  p.  16.    Southwestern  Texas. 

Teimorphodon,  Cope. 

Trimorphodon  lyrophanes,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1860,  p.  343.    Lower 
California  and  Arizona. 

Phdiothyra,  Cope. 

Phimotliyra  grahamiae,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  104.   Lower  California 
and  Sonoran  regions  to  Utah  and  Texas. 

Phimothyra  grahamiae,  Baird  and  Girard,  subspecies  liexalepis^  Cope, 
Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1866,  p.  304. 

Phimothyra  decurtata,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.,  1868,  p.  310.   Lower  Californiii. 

Deomicus,  Bibron. 

Dromicus  fiavilatus^  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1871,  p.  223.    Coast  of 

Xorth  Carolina. 

Cyclopiiis,  Gunther. 

Cyclophis  vernalis,  DeKay;  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  108.  Eastern  and 
Austroripariau  regions ;  rare  in  the  latter. 

Cyclophis  aestivus,  Linn. :  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  106.  Austroripariau 
region,  and  the  Eastern  as  far  as  New  Jersey,  Maryland,  and  Soutb 
eru  Illinois. 


39 


Coluber,  Linn. 

Coluber  cmoryi,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  157.  Texas  and  iLe  Missis- 
sippi Valley  to  Kansas  and  Illinois  {C.  caJUgastcr,  Kenn. ;  C  rhino- 
viqias,  Cope). 

Coluber  linilheimerii,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  74.    Texas  and  Arkansas. 

Coluber  vulpimis,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  7o.  IMassacliusetts  to  Mich- 
igan, Kansas  and  northward  {C.  s2)iloides,  D.  &  B.). 

Coluber  quadrivittatus,  Holbrook ;  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  SO.  North 
Carolina  to  Florida. 

Coluber  obsoletiis,  Say,  Kennicott,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1860,  p.  330;  sub- 
species obsoletuSj  Say;  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  73.  Entire  Eastern 
United  States,  from  Middle  Texas  to  IMassachusetts. 

Coluber  obsoletus,  Say,  subspecies  confinis,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  76 
(C.  rubriceps,  D.  &  B.).    Austroriparian  region;  Western  Missouri. 

Coluber  guttatiis,  Linn.;  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  78.  Austroriparian 
region  to  Central  Virginia. 

Spilotes,  Wagler. 

Spilotes  coiiperii,  Holbrook ;  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  92.    Georgia. 

Spilotes  erebennus,  Cope;  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  158.  Texas  to  Ala- 
bama {Georgia  ohsoleta,  B.  &  G.). 

PiTYOPHis,  Holbrook. 

Pitliophis  melanolcumis,  Daudin;  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  65.  New 
Jersey  to  South  Carolina  and  Ohio. 

Pityophis  sayi,  Schlegel,  subspecies  sayi,  Schlegel ;  Baird  and  Girard, 
Cat.,  p.  151.    Illinois  to  Kansas  and  northward. 

Pityophis  sayi,  Schlegel,  var.  mexicamis,  Dum^ril  et  Bibron,  Erp.  Gen., 
vol.  vii,  p.  236.  Sonorau  and  Central  regions,  entering  the  Texan 
district. 

Pityophis  sayi,  Schlegel,  var.  bellona,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  66. 
Sonoran  and  Pacitic  regions,  with  Nevada  and  Utah. 

Pityophis  catenifer,  Blainville ;  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  69.  Pacific 
region. 

Pityophis  vertebralis,  Blainville ;  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1860,  p.  342 
(P.  haeinatois,  Cope).    Lower  California. 

Pityophis  elegans,  Kennicott,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  p.  18.  Sonorau 
region. 


I  ^ 


ill, 


I':.' ' ' 


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t.i    'I     'li|'! 


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4j 
Bascajnium,  Buird  ami  Giraitl. 

Bascanium  constrictor,  Linn.;  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  93.    Central, 

Austroriparlan,  and  Eastern  regions. 
fkiscanium  constrictor,  Linn.,  subspecies  vctmtiim,  Baird  and  Girard, 

Cat.,  p.  07.    Pacilic  region. 

Jkiscanium  anthicum,  Cope,  Proe.  Acad.  Phila.,  1S02,  p.  !i.38.  Loui- 
siana (?)• 

Bascanium  Jlayelliforme,  Catesb.,  subspecies  Jhujelliformc^  Baird  and 
Giranl,  Cat.,  p.  98.     South  Carolina  to  Florida. 

Bascanium  Jlagclli/orme,  Catesb.,  subspecies  inccum.  Cope,  MS.  Camp 
Grant,  Arizona. 

Bascanium  Jlagclliformc,  Catesb.,  subspecies  tev^wce^u/?.  Say;  Baird  and 
Girard,  Cat.,  pp.  99  and  150.  Lower  Calilbrnian  and  Souorau  re- 
gions, with  Nevada,  Utah,  and  Texas. 

Bascanium  tacniatiun,  llallowell,  subspecies  latcralc,  Hallowell,  Proc. 
Acad.  Phila.,  18513.    Sonoran  and  Pacilic  regions. 

Bascanium  tacniatum,  llallowell,  subspecies  ^rtfHmf?n?i,  ILillowell;  Baird 
and  Girard,  Cat,  pp.  10;j  and  1(50.  Pacilic  and  Sonoran  regions; 
Utah  and  Nevada. 

Bascanium  tacniatum^  llallowell,  subs[)('cies  ornatum,  Baird  and  Girard, 
Cat.,  p.  102.     Western  Texas. 

Bascanium  auritjuluni,  Coi)e,  l*roc.  ,Vcud.  IMiihi.,  18f>l,  j).  .'501.     Lower 

Calilornia. 

CiliLOPOMA,  Cope. 

Chilopoma  t'ufnpiinctatum,(Jo[)c,  Report  on  lleptilesof  Wheeler's  Survey 
west  of  one  hundredth  meridian,  1875  (MS.).    Sonoran  district. 

EuTAKNiA,  Baird  and  Girard. 

Eutaenia  murita,  Linn.;  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  21.  Austioripariaii 
ami  I^astern  regions. 

Eutaenia  sacJvenii,  Kennicott,  Proc.  A<'ad.  Phila.,  1859,  p.  99.    Floridan 

district. 
Euiacnia  faircyi,  Baird  and  Giravd,  Cat.,  p.  25.    Mississippi  Valley,  l;oni 

Louisiana  to  Wisconsin. 

Eutaenia  proxlma,  Say;  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat,,  p.  25.  Valley  of  the 
^Ussissippi,  from  AVisconsin  to  Louisiana ;  Texas ;  Northeastern 
Mexico. 

Eutaenia  radii;  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  31.  Central  region  to  Lake 
^Michigan  ;  Oregon. 


— — "^■^"'"■'*'"' 


41 

Kittucnia  niacoxtanina,  Keuiiicott,  subspecies  mcgalopSy  Keuiiicott,  Pioc. 

Acatl.  Phihi.,  ISGO,  i).  3(30.    Sonoran  region. 
h'lilarnia  hmnmondii^  Keimicott,  Proc.  Acad.  Pliila.,  18G0,  p.  331i.    Pacific 

El  taenia  niarciana,  Baird  and  Girurd,  Cat.,  p.  3(>.     Arkansas,  T«'xas, 

and  entire  Kio  Grande  Valley. 
Kiitnenia  vaf/ram,  IJaird  and  Girard,  subspecies   vagntiis,   IJaiid  and 

Girard,  Cat.,  p.  35.   Central,  Pacific,  and  nortliern  parts  of  Sonoran 

regions. 
r.uUwnia  ruyrans^  IJaird  and  Girard,  subspecies  luifjufitirofitrin,  Jvenni(,'<>tt, 

Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1800,  p.  332.     Southern  Sonoran  region. 
J! II taenia  vleffans,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  34.    Calilbrnia. 
Eiitacnia  cijrtopHifi,  Kennicott,  Proc.  Acad.  IMiila.,  ISGO,  p.  333.     Ijower 

Calilbrnian  and  Sonoran  regions. 

J'lilaenia  ornata,  Baird,  U.  S.  jMex.  Bound.  Surv.,  p.  IG.  Valley  of  the 
Itio  Grande  del  Norte. 

h'litaenia  sirfali-s,  Linn.,  subspecies  dormliH,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  31. 
I'^ntiro  North  America. 

Juitaenia  sirtaJis,  Linn.,  subspecies  ordinala,  Linn.;  Baird  and  (iirard. 

Cat.,  ]).  32.    Nortliern  part  of  Eastern  region  ;  Nova  Scotia;  North 

Alabama. 
Kiitaenia  siftall.'^',  Linn.,  subspe<:i('s  sirfalix,  Linn.;  Baird  and  Girard, 

Cat.,  p.  30.     North  America,  exci'pting  the  S6noran,  Lower  Cali- 

I'ornian,  and  southern  half  of  Pacific  regions. 

Entacnia  sirtalin,  Linn.,  subs[iecies  jK(r/6'^t?/,s',  Say,  Long's  Ex[)ed.  Bocky 
3lts.,  i,  p.  18G.    Central  and  Pacific  regions;  Blinois. 

Eiitacnia  ■sit't((lifi,  Linn.,  subspecies  ohscnm,  Cope,  MS.  Eastern  subre- 
gion  north  of  Washington  ;  northern  part  of  Pacific  region. 

Kiitacnia  sirtalis,  Liini.,  subsjjecies  dorsalis,  Baird  aiul  Girard,  Cat.,  j).  31. 
North  America,  except  the  Sonoran  and  Lower  Calilbrnian  regions. 

Kittaenia  .sirtalis,  JJaird  and  Girard,  subsi)ecies  pickcrimjii,  Baird  and 
(Iirard,  Cat.,  p.  29.     Pacific  region  ;  ^Minnesota;  Texas. 

\.Eutncnia  aifialiN,  Linn.,  subspecies  tcfnitacnia,  Cope,  3IS.  Pitt  River, 
California. 

\EAitn(:nia  atraia,  Kennicott,  C-f)oper  and  Suckley's  Zool.  Wash.  Terr., 
p.  20(5.    California. 

'.utaenia  eooperii,  Kennicott,  in  Cooper  and  Suckley's  Nat.  Hist.  Wash. 

Terr.,  p.  20G.     Washington  and  Oregon. 


is . 


mm 


42 

Storeria,  Baird  and  Giraid. 

Storeria  occi2)itomaculata,  Storer;  Baird  and  Giraid,  Cat.,  i).  137.  East- 
ern region ;  South  Carolina ;  Georgia. 

Storeria  dekayi,  Ilolbrook;  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  135.  Central,  Aus- 
troripariau,  and  Eastern  regions. 

Tropidoclonium,  Cope. 

Trojndoclonium  storerioules,  Cope,  Proc.   Acad.   Pbila.,  180.5,   p.  190. 

Plateau  of  Mexico. 
Tropidoclonium  lineatitm,  Ilallowell,  Proc.  Acad.  Pliila.,  1850.    Kansas 

to  Texas. 

Troindoclonmm  Icirtlandii,  Kennicott,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  185G,  p.  05. 
Illinois;  Ohio. 

Tropidonotus,  Kuhl. 

Troindonotm  clarJcii,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  48.    Texas. 

Tropidonotus  (jrahamii,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  47.  The  Mississippi 
Valley,  from  Louisiana  to  Wisconsin ;  Michigan. 

Tropidonotus  lehcris,  Linn. ;  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  45.  Austroripariau 

and  Eastern  regions,  including  Texas. 
Tropidonotus  rigidus,  Say ;  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  40.    Pennsylvania 

to  Georgia,  east  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains. 

Tropidonotus  validus,  Kennicott,  subspecies  validus,  Kennicott,  Proc. 
Acad.  Phila.,  1800,  p.  334.  Lower  Californian  and  Sonoran  regions ; 
Utah. 

Tropidonotus  validus,  Kennicott,  subspecies  celaeno,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad. 

Phila.,  p.  341.    Lower  California. 
Tropidonotus  compsolaemus,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,   1800,  p.  308. 

Florida. 

Tropidonotus  compressicaudus,  Kennicott,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1800,  p. 
335.    Florida. 

Tropidonotus  nsttis,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila,  1800,  p.  340.    Florida. 
Tropidonotus  fasciatus,  Linn. ;  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  39.    Austro- 
ripariau region. 

Tropidonotus  sipedon,  Linn.,  subspecies  sipedon,  Linn. ;  Baird  and  Girard, 
Cat.,  p.  38.    Eastern  and  Austroripariau  regions,  exceptiug  Texas. 

Tropidonotus  sipedon,  Linn.,  subspecies  ivoodhousei,  Baird  and  Girard 

Cat.,  p.  42.    Texas  to  Missouri. 
Tropidonotus  sipedon,  Linn.,  subspecies  couchii,  Kennicott,  Proc.  Acad., 

1860,  p.  335.    Sonoran  region. 


43 


Sit- 


us- 


190. 
usas 
).  05. 


pariau 

j-lvauia 

Proc 
legions ; 

.  Acad. 

p.  3GS. 

[1800,  !»■ 

kda- 
Austro- 

GirarO, 
Texas. 

Giraril. 
..  Acad., 


Tropidonotus  .si2)edon,  Liun.,  subspecies  erythroyaster,  Shaw;  Baird  and 
Girard,  Cat.,  p.  40.  Austroiipariau  region,  except  Texas  j  Michigan 
and  Kansas. 

Tropidonotus  taxispilotus,  Holbrook;  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  43. 
North  Carolina  to  Georgia. 

Troindonotus  rhombl/er,  Hallowell ;  Baird  aud  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  43.  Loui- 
siana to  llhnois  and  Michigan. 

Tropidonotus  cydopium^  Dum.  et  Bibrou ;  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.,  ISGl,  p.  299. 

Florida. 

Uelicops,  Waglcr. 

Uelicops  alleni},  Garmau,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1874,  p.  92. 
Floridan  district. 

Hetsrodon,  Beauv. 

Heterodon2)latyrhinus,Liitrei\\e',  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat,  i).  51.  Entire 
Austroriparian  and  Eastern  regions. 

Heterodon platyrliimis^  Latr.,  subspecies  atmodes,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat., 
p.  57.    North  Carolina  to  Georgia. 

Heterodon  simits,  Linn.,  subspecies  simiis,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  50. 
Austroriparian  region,  excepting  Texas. 

Heterodon  slmtis,  Linn.,  subspecies  nasicns,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  CI. 
Souoran  and  Central  regions  and  Texas. 

BOIDAE. 

Charina,  Gray. 

Charina  bottae,  Blainv.,  Nouvelles  Annales  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.,  iii,  1834,  57. 
Lower  Califoruian  region. 

Charina  plumhea^  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  139.    Pacific   region ; 

"?  Nevada. 

LICHANURIDAE. 

LicHANURA,  Cope. 

Lichamira  trivirgata,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1861,  p.  304.  Lower 
California. 

Lichanura  myriolepis^  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  18G8,  j).  2.  Lower  Cali- 
fornia. 

Lichamira  roscifusca,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1868,  p.  2.  Lower  Cali- 
fornia. 


m 


f ' 


Wm 


f-  ■.  ■( 
'■>   :■•". 

I';, 


f|;  '11 , 


w 
m 


:iiiii,.. 

-U"- 


Li  ii  ':;■ 


if 


44 


SCOLECOPHIDIA . 

STEXOSTOMIJ^AE. 

Stk>'ostoma,  Wagl. 

Stowstoma  ditlcc,  Bairil  iiud  Girard,  Cat.,    p.  1-42.     Sonorau    region; 

Texas. 
^Stcnosiom(l  humile,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.,  p.  143.    Pacific  region. 

LACERTILIA. 

OPIIEOSxVURI. 

AMPIIISBxVENIDAE. 

rdiiNEtJiiA,  Cope. 

Rhinciira  Jloi'idana,  Baird;    Cope,  Proc.   Acad.    Pbila.,   ISGl,   p.   75. 
Floridan  district. 

PLEURODOiNTA. 

TYPIILOPHTIIALMI. 

ANIELLIDAE. 
A^'IELLA,  Gray. 
Aniella  pulchray  Gray.    Pacific  region,  from  ^an  Francisco  southward. 

LEPTOGLOSSA. 

SCIXCIDAE. 

Oligosoma,  Girard. 

OVujosoma  lateyalc,  Say;  Holbrook,  N.Am.  Ilerp.,  ii,  p.  133.    Aiistro- 
riparian  region ;  Northwest  South  Carolina. 

EuMECES,  Wiegmann. 

Eumeces  septcntrionalis,  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1858,  p.  2oC.    Minuo- 
sota  and  Nebraska. 


45 

Eumcces  cgrcgius,  B<aird,  Proc.  Acad.  Pbila.,  p.  25C.    Florida. 

Eumcces  onocrepis,  Cope,  Report  of  Peabody  Academy,  Salem.,  1809,  p.  82. 

Florida. 
Eumcces  tetragrammiis,  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1858,  250.    Lower  Rio 

Grande. 
Eumeces  anthracimis,  Baird,  Jour.  Acad.  Pbila.,  i,  i>.  293.    Pennsylvania 

to  Texas,  in  mountains. 

Eumcces  inornatiis,  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Pbila.,  1850,  p.  250.    Nebraska. 

Eumcces  vmUivirgatus,  Hallowell,  Proc.  Acad.  Pbila.,  1857,  p.  215. 
Central  region. 

Eumeces  leptogrammus^  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Pbila.,  1858,  p.  250.    Central 
region. 

Eumeces  ohsoleius,  Baird  and  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Pbila.,  185?,  p.  129. 
Sonoran  region,  and  borders  of  Central  and  Austroriparian. 

Eumcces  guttulatus,  Hallowell ;  Sitgreaves's  Report  on  Zuni,  p.  113.   Sono- 
ran region  and  Western  Texas. 

Eumeces  sMltonianus,  Baird  and  Girard;  Baird  in  Stansbury's  Report 
Salt  Lake,  p.  349.    Pacific  region. 

Eumcces  fasciatus,  Linn. ;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  ii,  p.  117,  and  pp. 

121, 127.    Central,  Austroriparian,  and  Eastern  regions. 

Eumcces  longirostris,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Pbila.,  1801,  p.  313.    Bermuda 

Islands. 

LACERTIDAE. 

Xantusia,  Baird. 

Xantusia  vigilis,  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Pbila.,  1850,  p.  255.    Pacific  sub- 
region. 

TEIDAE. 

CNEMiDoniORUS,  "NYiegmauu. 

Cncmidophoriis  maximiiSj  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Pbila.,  1803,  p.  104.    Lower 
California. 

Cnemidophoriis  grahamilj  Baird  and  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Pbila.,  1852,  p. 
128.    Eastern  Sonoran  region. 

Cncmidophoriis  scxllneatus,  Linn. ;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  ii,  p.  109. 

Sonoran  and  Austroriparian  regions,  to  Soutbeast  Virginia. 
[  Cnemidophonis  inornatiis,  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Pbila.,  1858,  p.  255.    Soutb- 

ern  Sonoran  region. 

\Cnemidophorits  octolineatus,  Baird,   Proc.  Acad.  Pbila.,  1858,  p.  255. 
Soutbern  Sonoran  region. 


■5^ 

i 


Iff 

A 


\h 


I 


K' 


"fill 
mi  ;* 


iiil 


I* 

J. 41:1 


i: 


I 


top! 


46 

Cnemidoiihorus  i)er2)lexu8,  Baird  and  Giravd,  Proc.  Acad.  Pbihi.,  1852,  p. 

128.    Rio  Grande  Valley. 
CnemUlopJiorus  tcssellatiis,  Say,  snbspecies  tessellatus,  Say;  Baird,  U.  S. 

r.  K.  R.  Surv.,  X,  BeckwitU's  Rciiort,  p.  18.    Soutliern  Colorado. 

Cnemidophonis  tessellatus,  Say,  subspecies  ti(jris,  Baird  and  Girard; 
Stansbury's  Report  Salt  Lake,  p.  338.  Paciiic  and  Sonorau  regions 
to  Utah. 

Cnemidojahorus  tessellatus,  Say,  subspecies  melanostethus,  Cope,  Proc. 
Acad.  Phila.,  18G3,  p.  104.    Southeast  Arizona. 

Cnemidophonis  tessellatus,  Say,  subspecies  graciVs,  Baird  and  Girard, 
Pi:oc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  18j2,  128.    Southeast  Arizona. 

Yerticaria,  Cope. 

Yerticaria  liyperythra,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  18G3,  p.  103.  Lower 
California  to  San  Diego. 

DIPLOCtLOSSA. 
anguidae. 

Opiieosaurus,  Daudin. 

Oplicosaurus  ventralis,  Daudin  ;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  ii,  p.  139. 
Austroripariau  region  j  Tennessee ;  Kansas. 

GERRHONOTIDAE. 

Barissia,  Gray. 

Barissia  oUvacca,  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1858,  p.  255.  Southern 
California. 

Gerrhonotus,  Wiegmauu. 

Gerrhonotus  nohilis,  Baird  and  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1852,  p.  129. 
Souora. 

Gerrhonotus  princqns,  Baird  and  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1852,  p.  175. 
Northern  Pacific  region. 

Gerrhonotus  multicarinatiis,  Blainville  {G.  formosus),  Baird  and  Girard, 
Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1852,  p.  175.  Pacific  and  Lower  Californian 
regions. 

Gerrhonotus  grandis,  Baird  and  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1852,  p.  176.  | 
Pacific  region. 


47 


r.  s. 

a. 

;ions 
Proc. 
irard, 


Lower 


p.  139. 


ioutbern 

\,  p.  120. 
5,  p.  175. 

Giratd, 
liforuian 


p.  ITC. ' 


GctrhonotHS  scincicatidus,  Skilton,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  Arts,  11U9,  p.  202, 

Piicific  and  Lower  Califoruiau  regions. 
Oarhotwtufi  infcrnalis,  Baird  and  Girard;  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila., 

1.SGG,  322.    Western  Texas. 

HELODEEMIDAE. 

IlELODERMA,  Wicgiuann. 

lldoderma  fiufijjcctum,  Cope;  Baird,  U.  S.  Bound.  Surv.,  plate  xxvi. 
Sonorau  region. 

IGUANIA. 

IGUANIDAE. 

HoLBKOoiciA,  Girard. 

llolhroolda  maculata,  Girard,  subspecies  macidata,  Girard;  Stausbury'a 
Eeport,  1852,  j).  342.    Central  and  Sonorau  subregions. 

Holhrool'ia  maculata,  Girard,  subspecies  proinnqua,  Baird  and  Girard, 
Proc.  Acad.  Pbila.  1852,  p.  12G.    Texas. 

IMhroolda  texana,  Troscbel ;  Baird  and  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Pbila.,  1852, 
p.  125.    Sonoran  region ;  Western  Texas. 

Callisaurus,  Blainville. 

Cidlimunis  dracontoidcf;,  Blainv.,  subspecies  ventmlis,  Ilallowell;  Sit- 
grcave's  Keport  Zufii,  p.  117.    Sononui  region. 

Cidlisaurus  dracontoidcs,  Diainv.,  subspecies  |/<f6Z/j/,  Cope,  MS.  Nortb- 
crn  Lower  California. 

\-  CaUisaiirus  dracontoidcs,  Blainv.,  subspecies  dracontoidcs,  Blainv.,  Nouv. 
Ann.  de  Mus.,  p.  12G.     Soutbern  Lower  California. 

Uma,  Baird. 

Uina  notata,  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Pbila.,  1858,  p.  253.    Sonora  region. 

Sauromalus,  Dumcril. 

Sauromalus  ater,  Dunieril ;  Baird,  U.  S.  and  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  p.  6. 

CiiOTAPHYTUS,  Holbrook. 


Sonoran  region. 


Crotaphytus  collaris,  Say ;  Holbrook,  X.  xim.  Herp.,  ii,  p.  79.    Sonoran 
region ;  Central  region  to  latitude  40^. 


u 


"  .< 


p^- 


1 


.vb' 


V:, 


!  i.i  « 


Ll"-"''*i!' 


48 

€i'oiaphytnf<  icislizcnU,  Bainl  siiid  Girard,  Stansbury's  Report  Salt  Lake, 
J).  340.    Pacific  and  Souoran  regions;  Nevada,  Utah. 

Crotnph/tm  reficulatus^  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Pliila.,  1858,  p.  2'>X    WcstC:  a 
Texas. 

DirsosAURUs,  Ilallowell. 

iJipsosatiruft  dorsalin,  I3aird  and  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1852,  p.  120. 
Lower  Californian,  Southern  Paciflc,  and  Sonoran  regions. 

Uta,  Baird  and  Girard. 

Uia  thalassiuttj  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Pbila.,  18G3,  p.  10-t.    Lower  California. 

Uta  graciosa,  Hallowell,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1854,  p.  92.    Pacific  region. 

TJta  nigricaxuJa^  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1804,  p.  17G.  Lower  Cali- 
fornia. 

TJta  schottii,  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1858,  p.  253.    Southern  California. 

Uta  ornata,  Baird  and  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1852,  p.  12G.  Sonoran 
region. 

Uta  stanshuriana,  Baird  and  Girard,  Stansbury's  Report  Salt  Lake,  p. 
345.  Pacific,  Lower  Californian,  and  Sonoran  regions;  Nevada, 
Utab. 

ScELOPORUS,  Wieguiann. 

Sceloporiis  ornatus,  Baird,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  p.  5.    Southeastern 

Sonoran  region. 
iSceZoporwsjarrorit,  Cope,  MS.,  Zocil.  Wheeler's  Expl.  west  of  the  lOOtb 

merid.,  1875.    Sonoran  region  (Southern  Arizona). 
Sceloporiis  poinsettii,  Baird  and  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1852,  p.  12G, 

Sonoran  region. 

Sceloporus  torqiiatus,  Peale  and  Green,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  ii,  p.  131. 
Southern  Sonoran  region. 

Sceloporus  coiichii,  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1858,  p.  254.  Southern 
Sonoran  region. 

Scewporns  marmomtus,  Hallowell,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1852,  ]}.  178. 
Sonoran  region ;  Utab. 

Sceloponis  hlseriatus,  Hallowell,  U.  S.  P.  R.  R.  Surv.,  x,  "Williamson's 

Report,  p.  0.    ?  Habitat. 
Sceloporus  undulatits,  Harlan,  subspecies  undulatus,  Harlan  ;  Holbrook, 

Am.  Herp.,  ii,  p.  73.    North  America,  except  Sonoran  and  Lower 

Californian  regions. 


49 


Lake, 

iStC:U 

p.  120. 


iforuiii. 
region. 
}r  Call- 

liforuia. 
Sonoran 

Lake,  p. 
Nevada, 


beastern 
le  lOOtli 

,  p.  126. 
I,  p.  131. 

outbeiu 
p.  178. 

iamsou's 

lolbrook, 
Id  Louver 


Sccloporus  uniliilatus,  Ilarlaii,  subspccios  thaijiyli,  HairdaiulGirard,Proc'. 
Acad.  Vhila.,  1«.">1I,  p.  I'JT.  California,  Utah,  New  Mexico,  abd  Rio 
(iraiulo  Valley. 

Sc(Ii>i>(»'U)i  vonsobriniis,  Daird  and  Giiaiul;  INFarcy'.s  lioport  lied  IJiver, 
IS.").*?,  p.  'J.'JT.     Sonoran  and  Central  rejjjions;  Orejjon  and  Texas. 

iSiiloi)on(s  tiv<tlarin,  Wie;;inann,  Tlerpetolo^ia  Mcxicana,  1831,  p.  5U.  tSo- 
nora. 

Scelnporns  Jhyidanns,  IJaird,  Proc.  Acad.  Pliila.,  1858,  p.  251.    Florida. 

Scdopotuis  splnosHs,  Wiej^inann,  llerpetologia  Mexicaua,  p.  50.    Texas. 

Sccloporus  clarlti,  Baird  and  Girard,  sub.<?pecies  clarhii,  Baird and Girard, 
I'roc.  Acad.  Pbila.,  1852,  p.  127.  Sonorau  and  Southern  Pacitic 
regions. 

Sccloporiis  clarlcit,  Baird  and  Girard,  sub.species  zostcromus,  Cope,  Proe. 
Acad.  Pliila.,  1SG3,  p.  105.     Lower  Calilbruia. 

PnRYNOSOMA,  Wiegmann. 

Fhrynosoma  modcstum,  Girard,  Stausbury's  Eept.  Salt  Lake,  p.  305.  So- 
noran  region. 

Vhrynosoma  phdijrhiimm^  Girard,  Stansbury's  Kept  Salt  Lake,  p.  3G1. 
Utah  and  Nevada. 

Phrynosoma  maecallii,  Ilallowell ;  Baird,  U.  S.  ]Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  p.  9. 
Desert  of  Gila  and  Colorado. 

Phrynosoma  regale,  Girard,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  p.  9.  Desert  of 
Gila  and  Colorado. 

Phrynosoma  planiceiys,  Uallowell,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1852,  p.  178.  Soutb- 
eru  Souoran  region. 

Phrynosoma  cornutum,  Harlan  ;  Girard,  fetansbury's  Eept.  Salt  Lake,  ii. 
3G0.    Texas. 

Phrynosoma  hernandczii,  Girard,  Ilerp.  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.,  p.  395.  New 
Mexico ;  Rio  Grande  Valley. 

Phrynosoma  donglassU,  Bell,  subspecies  ornatissimum,  Girard,  Ilerp.  U. 
S.  Expl.  Exped.,  1858,  p.  390.    Sonorau  region. 

Phrynosoma  douglassii,  Bell,  subspecies  douglassii.  Bell ;  Girard,  Herp. 
U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.,  p.  398.  Entire  Central  region;  Oregon  and 
Washington. 

Phrynosoma  hlainvillei,  Gray ;  Girard,  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.  Herp.,  p.  400. 
Pacific  region. 
4  n 


m- 


i 


'111! 


1 1 


)!U.    •, 


»•  ■,:'': 


'f '  ] 

•a: 
If '"'  ■ 


m 


I XV'- 


'«li| 


i 


f'i'i 


i'i,:1; 


,  i;: 


'( *,i  ii. 


50 

Phrynosoma  coronattim,  Blainville,  Nouv.  M6111.  Museum,  iv,  p.  2S.    1>  ^'  •  - 
California. 

Cyclura,  Harlan. 

Cyclura  hcmilopha,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1863,  p.  105.    Lower  C-M 
fornia. 

ANOLIDAE. 

Anolis,  Merrem. 

Anolis  principalis  J  Linn. ;  Holbrook,  iN".  Am.  Herp.,  ii,  07.    Austroriiju- 

rian  region. 
Anolis  cooperii,  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  18G8,  p.  254.    ? California. 

NYCTISAURA. 

GECCONIDAE. 

COLEONYX,  Gray. 

Coleonyx  variegatus,  Baird,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  p.  12.    Sonoran 

region. 

Sphaerodactylus,  Cuv. 

SphaerodactyUis  notatits,  Baird,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  p.  12.    Key 
West,  Fla.  (Cuba). 

Phyllodactylus,  Gray. 

Phyllodactylus  Uiberciilosus,  Wiegmann,  Nova  Acta.  K.  L.  C.  Acad.,  xvii, 
p.  241.    Sonoran  region. 

Phyllodactylus  xanti,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Pliila.,  p.  102.    Lower  California. 

DiPLODACTYLUS,  Gray. 

Diplodactyliis  iinctiis,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Pbila.,  18G3,  p.  102.    Lower  Cal- 
ifornia. 

TESTUDIMTA. 

ATHECAE. 

SPHARGIDIDAE. 

Sphargis,  Merrem. 

Sphargis  coriacea,  Roudelet ;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  ii,  p.  45.  -  Atlan- 
tic coast  to  Massachusetts. 


51 


CRYPTODIEA. 


CHELONIIDAE. 

Thalassochelys,  Fitz. 

Thalassochelys  caoiiana,  Linn. ;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  ii,  p.  33.    En- 
tire Atlantic  coast. 

Eretmochelys,  Fitz. 

ErdmocJielys  imhricata,  Linn. ;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  ii,  p.  39.    South- 
ern Atlantic  coast. 

Eretmochelys  squamattty  Linn.;  Agassiz,  Cont.  Xat,  Hist.  U.  S.,  i,  p.  382. 

Pacific  coast. 

Chelonia,  r.rong. 

Chelonia  mydas,  Schw. ;  Holbrook,  In.  Am.  Herp.,  ii,  p.  25.  Atlantic 
coast  south  of  Long  Island. 

Chelonia  virgata,  Scliw. ;  Agassiz,  Cont.,  i,  p.  379.    Pacific  coast. 

TEIONYCHIDAE. 

Amyda,  Agassiz. 

Amyda  imitica,  Lesueur,  Mtm.  du  Mus.  d'Hist.  Nat.,  xv,  p.  2G3.  jMiddle 
and  northern  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi,  and  the  Saint  Lawrence. 

ASPIDONECTES,  Wagl. 

Aftpidonectes  ferox,  Schweigger;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Heri).,  ii,  p.  11 
Georgia  to  Western  Louisiana. 

Aspidonectes  spinifer,  Lesueur,  Mem.  de  3Ins.  d'Bist.  Nat.,  xv,  p.  258. 
Middle  and  northern  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi,  and  Saint  Law- 
rence. 

As})idonectes  aspcr,  Agassiz,  Cont.  Xat.  Hist.  U.  S.,  i,  p.  405.  Lower 
Mississippi  tributaries. 

Aspidoncctes  niwhalis,  Agassiz,  Cont.  Nat.  Hist.  U.  S.,  i,  p.  40G.  Cumber- 
land and  Upper  Tennessee  Elvers,  Tennessee. 

Aspidoncctcfi  cmoryi,  Agassiz,  Cont.  Xat.  Hist.  IT.  S.,  i,  p.  407.    Texas. 

CHELYDRIDAE. 

Chelydra,  Schw. 

Ck'Jydra  serpentina,  Linn. ;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  i,  p.  139.  From 
Canada  to  Ecuador.    Wanting  in  the  Pacific  subregion. 


i 


(ij:;  'y^ 


m 


^;: 


52 

Macrochelys,  Gray. 

Macrochelys  laccrtina,  Schweigger ;  Holbrook,  iiT.  Am.  Herp.,  i,  p.  147. 
Tributaries  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  from  Florida  to  Western  Texas, 
extending  to  Missouri  in  the  Mississippi. 

CIXOSTERNIDAE. 

Ako:.iociielys,  Gray. 

AromovhdyH  odoratus,  Latreille ;  Holbrook,  X.  Am.  Herp.,  i,  p.  133.  Aus- 
troripariau  and  Eastern  subregious. 

Aromochelys  carinatus,  Gray ;  Agassiz,  Cont.,  i,  p.  423.  Louisianiau  dis- 
trict. 

Cl^'OSTEKNUM,  Wagl. 

Cinostcrnum  pennsylvankum,  Bosc,  subspecies  xiennsylvaniciim^  Bosc; 
Holbrook,  X.  Am.  Herp.,  i,  p.  127.  Austroripariau  (?  Texas)  and 
Eastern  subregions. 

Cinostermim  pennsylvankum^  Bosc,  subspecies  clonhledayi,  Gray,  Cat. 
Tort.,  Crocod.,  and  Ampliisb.  B.  M.,  p.  33.  Southwestern  United 
States. 

Cinostcrnum  sonoriense,  LeConte,  Proe.  Acad.  Pbila.,  1854,  p.  183.  Ari- 
zona. 

Cinostermim  Jlavescens,  Agassiz,  Contrib.  Nat.  Hist.  U.  S.,  i,  p.  430. 

Arizona. 
Cinostermim  henrici,  LeConte,  Proc.  Acad.  Pliila.,  1854,  p.  182.    Sonoran 

subregion. 

EMYDIDAE. 

PSEUDE3IYS,  Gray. 

Pseudemys  rnyosa,  Shaw ;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Heri).,  i,  p.  5o.    New  Jersey 

to  Virginia. 
Pseudemys  concinna,  LeConte ;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  1,  pp.  119,  Co. 

Austroriparian  region  (?  Texas). 
Pseudemys  mohiliensisj  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  i,  p.  71.    Florida  to  the 

Eio  Grande  of  Texas. 
Pseiu^emys  MeroglypMca,  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  i,  p.  111.    Middle, 

Western,  and  Gulf  States. 

Pseudemys  scabra,  Linn.;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  i,  p.  49.  North 
Carolina  to  Georgia. 


''■"it  J 


53 


147. 

ixas, 


Aus- 
lU  dis- 

Bosc ; 
is)  and 

y,  Cat. 
United 

5.  Ari- 
|p.  430. 
Sonoran 


Jersey 
119,  Co. 
la  to  the 

Middle, 

l^TortU 


Fscndemys  iroostiij  ETolbrook,  N.  Am.  Ilerp.,  i,  p.  123.    Valley  of  the 

Mississippi  to  Illinois. 
Pscudemys  elegmis,  Wied. ;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  i,  p.  115.    Central 

region  and  Texan  district. 

MALAC0CLEM3IYS,  Gray. 

}Mucoclemmys  gcogr(H)1iiciis,  Lesueur;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  i,  p.  99. 
Mississippi  Valley  to  Pennsylvania  and  New  York. 

Malacoclemmys  ineudogeograpliiciis,  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  i,  p.  103. 
Mississippi  Valley  to  Wisconsin  and  ifortbern  Ohio. 

MaJacoclemmys  imlustrls^  Gmelin;   Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  i,  p.  87.. 
Coast  from  'Sew  York  to  Texas. 

CnRYSEMYS,  Gray. 

Chryscmys  picta,  Herm. ;  Holbrook,  !N.  Am.  Herp.,  i,  p.  75.    Eastern 
region  j  Louisiana,  Mississippi. 

Chrysemys  oregonensis,  Harlan;   Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  i,   p.  107. 
Central  region. 

Chrysemys  reticulata^  Bosc;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  i,  p.  50.    Gulf 
States. 

Chelopus,  Rafinesque. 

Chclopiis  giittatus,  Schneider ;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  i,  p.  81.    East- 
ern region  east  of  Ohio. 

Chclopiis  mithlenbergii,  Schweigger ;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  vol.  i,  p.  45. 
New  Jersey  and  Eastern  Pennsylvania. 

Chelopus  insciilptns,  LeConte;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  i,  p.  93.    East- 
ern region  east  of  Ohio. 

Chelopus  7narmoratus,  Baird  and  Girard ;  Hallowell,  U.  S.  P.  R.  R.  Surv., 
X,  Williamson's  Report,  p.  3.    Pacific  region. 

Emys,  Brong. 

Emys  mclcagris,  Shaw;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  i,  p.  39.    Allegbeniau 
district  of  Eastern  region  to  Wisconsin. 

CiSTUDO,  Flem. 

Ciiitudo  clausa,  Gm.,  subspecies  clausa,  Gm.;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,, 
i,  p.  31.    Eastern  region  and  Louisianian  and  Floridan  districts. 

Cistudo  clausa,  subspecies  triunguis,  Agass.,  Contrib.,  i,  p.  445.    Austro- 
riparian  region  to  Georgia;  Eastern  Pennsylvania. 

Cistudo  ornata,  Agass.,  Contrib.,  i,  p.  445.    Central  region. 


Si 


!  i  ';.:>•• 


P''-  :•»: .. ; 


m 


M'i 


54 
TESTUDINIDAE. 

Testudo,  Liuu. 

Testudo  Carolina^  Linn. ;  Holbrook,  If.  Am.  Herp.,  i,  \}.  25.   Austroripariau 
region,  not  north  of  Sowtli  Carolina. 

Testudo  agassisii,  Cooper,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  Sci.*    Southern  Pacific  and 
Western  Sonorau  regions. 

CROCODILIA. 

CEOCODILIDAE. 

Alligator,  Cuv. 

Alligator  mississij)piensis,  Daudin ;  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  vol.  ii,  p.  53. 
Austroripariau  region. 

Crocodilus,  Cuv. 
Crocodilus  americamis,  Seba. ;  Dum.  et  Bib.,  Erp.  Gen.,  iii,  p.  119.    Flori- 
dan  district. 

Enumeration  of  genera  and  species. 

Genera.  Species. 

BATEAC^.HIA. 

Trachy  stomata 2  2 

Proteida 1  2 

Urodela 15  49 

Anura 11  48 

29    101 

EEPTILIA. 
Ophidia. 

Solenoglypha. .   4  18 

Proteroglypha 1  3 

Asinea 3G  109 

Scolecopbidia 1  2 

42    132 

Lacertilta. 

Opheosauri 1  1 

Pleurodonta 22  70 

Nyctisaura , .      3  5 

26    82 

Testudinata. 

Athecao 1  1 

Cryptodira 10  40 

17    41 

Crocodilia 2  2 

Total  species 358 

*  Referred  to,  vol.  for  1870,  p.  C7. 


ill''- 


I>A.RT     III. 

ON   GEOGEAPHICAL   DISTRIBUTION 

'  OF  THE 

VERTEBRATA  OF  THE  REGNUM  NEARCTIGUM, 

WITH  ESPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  THE 

BATRACHIA  AND  REPTILIA; 


I.— THE  FAUNAL  REGIONS  OF  THE  EARTH. 

As  is  well  known,  the  life  of  the  different  regions  of  the  earth  presents 
marked  peculiarities.  The  differences  are,  in  some  measure,  connected 
with  the  geographical  and  topographical  relations  of  the  continents. 
To  each  of  them,  peculiar  divisions  of  animals  are  found  to  be  confined ; 
and  the  sum  of  these,  or  the  "  fauna,"  is  found  in  each  case  to  present 
marked  characters.  The  districts  thus  marked  out  are  the  Australian 
(which  includes  Australia,  Van  Biemen's  Land,  New  Guinea,  etc.);  the 
Xeotropical,  including  South  America,  the  West  Indies,  and  Mexico;  the 
Searctic,  or  Xorth  America ;  the  Ethiopian,  or  Africa  south  of  the  Desert 
of  Sahara ;  the  Palaeotropical,  which  embraces  India  and  the  adjacent 
islands;  and,  lastly,  the  Palaearctic,  or  Asia  north  of  the  Himalaya, 
Europe,  and  Africa  north  of  the  Great  Desert.  These  six  districts  are 
variously  related  by  common  forms,  as  well  as  distinguished  by  different 
ones.    The  name  of  "realms"  has  been  given  to  them. 

The  Australian  realm  is  peculiar  in  the  absence  of  ueaily  all  types  of 
juammalia,  except  the  Ornithodelxihia  ixnd  the  Marsupials;  in  the  pres 
eiice  o^  various  Struthious  birds ;  in  great  development  of  the  Elapid 
serpents,  and  absence  of  the  higher  division  of  both  snakes  and  frogs 
(('.  e.,  Solenoglypha  and  lianiformia) ',  in  the  existence  of  Dipnoi  {Cera- 
iodm)  and  certain  Characinid  fishes.  On  the  other  hand,  many  of  the 
lizards  and  birds  are  of  the  higher  types  that  prevail  in  India  and  Africa, 
viz,  the  Acrodonta  and  the  Oscines. 

The  polar  hemispheres  each  possess  certain  common  forms  which  are 
uot  found  in  the  other.  Thus,  in  the  southern,  which  is  here  understood 
as  embracing  the  tliree  realms  called   xVustralinn,  Neotroincal,  and 

55 


■4 
'ii 

y. 


a  tKi' 


\y.v 


56 

Ethiopian,*  the  Sirenian  luaiumalia ;  Struthious  birds ;  Elapid  aud  Pero- 
j90rfo?(s  snakes ;  Dlimoau,  ChroJiiid,  and  Characiii  fishes ',  ami  Plcurod ire 
tortoises,  arc  universal,  and  not,  or  very  sparsely,  found  in  the  northern. 
Of  other  groups  peculiar  to  the  Southern  or  Equatorial  regions,  the 
FAcntate  inammalia  belong  to  the  ifeotropical  and  Ethiopian ;  the  Osteo- 
ylossUl  lishes  to  the  Neotropical,  Palaeotropical,  and  Australian  ;  while 
monkeys  occur  in  the  southern  faunae,  except  the  Australian,  and  in 
the  Palaeotropical.  The  Ethiopian  shares  many  peculiarities  with  the 
Xorthern.  Thus,  Insectivorous  mammals,  Viperine  snakes,  and  llani- 
form  frogs,  are  only  found  here  in  the  southern  hemisphere. 

The  Neotropical  realm  only  possesses  exclusively  the  Platyrhine  mon- 
keys and  the  great  majority  of  the  humming-birds.  It  shares  with 
other  Southern  regions  the  Edentate  and  Tapiroid  mammals;  Struthi- 
ous,  Puilastrine,  and  Clamatorial  birds;  Elapid  snakes;  Arciferous 
frogs;  and  Characin,  Chromid,  Osteoglossid,  and  Dipnoan  fishes.  It 
has  but  few  types  of  the  Northern  regions ;  these  are  numerous  pleuro- 
dont  Lacertilia,  the  Acrodonts  being  entirely  absent;  and  a  few  bears, 
deer,  and  Oscine  birds. 

The  Ethiopian  realm  is  that  one  which  combines  the  prevalent  features 
of  the  Palaearctic  region  with  the  southern-hemisphere  types  already 
mentioned,  together  with  some  found  elsewhere  onlj-  in  the  Palaeotrop- 
ical, and  a  very  few  j)eculiar.  The  two  latter  classes  not  being  men- 
tioned elsewhere,  they  may  be  here  enumerated.  This  region  shares, 
with  the  Indian  alone,  the  Catarrhine  monkeys,  the  Elephantidae  Ehi- 
noceroHdae,  and  Chamaeleons.  Its  peculiar  types  are  the  Lemuridae, 
Jlippopotamidae,  and  Cameleopardalidae,  among  njammals,  aud  PoJypter- 
idae  and  Mormyridae  among  fishes.  • 

The  Northern  realms  of  the  earth  agree  iu  possessing  all  the  earless 
seals ;  but  most  of  its  common  characters  are  shared  by  India  and 
Africa.  With  these  regions  they  possess  most  all  of  the  Ruminant  and 
Insectivorous  mammals,  and  all  the  Raniform  frogs.  The  Palaearctic 
and  Palaeotropical  are  very  much  alike,  aud  ought  probably  to  be 
united.  The  latter  differs  in  possessing  monkeys,  elephant,  rhinoceros, 
and  tapir,  Elapid  serpents  (cobras),  and  Osteoglossid  fishes.  In  other 
respects,  as  in  mammalia  generally,  Oscine  birds  and  fresh- water  fishes, 
and  reptiles  generally,  it  agrees  with  Northern  Asia  and  Europe.  . 

The  Nearctic  or  North  American  realm  is  that  with  which  we  have 
here  to  do.  It  extends  from  the  Arctic  regions  to  a  line  drawn  across 
Northern  Mexico,  and  includes  the  peninsula  of  Lower  California.    It 

*"Eogaea"  of  Gill,  characterized  iu  his  article  "Ou  the  geographical  distributiou  of 
Fisbes",  in  the  "Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History"  (4),  xv,  255. 


57 


agrees  in  many  points  with  the  northern  fauna  of  the  Old  World,  and 
has  been  united  with  it  by  some  authors ;  but  its  peculiar  types,  and 
those  which  it  shares  with  South  America,  are  too  numerous  for  such  au 
arrangement.    Its  relations  are  exhibited  in  the  following  table  : 


Differs  from  Palaearctic  in — 

A"ree9  with  Palnoarctic 

m— 

Peculiar  forms. 

Neotropical  forms. 

M>ininnn,lift  in  "''pnpr.'vl    ... 

Rassarididae. 

.*i(iiii iiitiiif^  111  ^».ii».. itii..-. 

Procyonidae.                               •  ' 

Antilocapra 

Megadermatidae. 

Mepbitia 

Dicotyles. 
Didelpbys. 

T{iri1><  pxcei)t       .    ..      

Cathartidao. 

XJl  t  vlO     V  •»\J*-' 1  '  %;•*«*>■     ■••*** 

Tanagridae. 

Icteridae. 

Clamato-.es  in  general. 

Trochi  :dae. 

Meleacridae 

Odonl  jpborinae. 

^*^^^  A  Xif  1%  kH  *   «  ^,*»^nrf     •     9    m    m    ^    ^    m     ^   9   m    9 

Alligators. 

Amivid  and  Gerrhonotid  lizards. 

Iguanid  lizards. 

Emyil  tortoises 

Cbt'lydra 

Cinosternidae. 

Solenoglypb  aud  Elapid  venomous 

snakes. 

Kaiiiforin  frogs 

Scapbiopodidao  

Pletbodontidae. 

Arrifpra 

XXX  ^  I  L^*  CVf 

Amblystomidae. 

Diemyctylus. 

Megalobatrachns 

Tracbystomata. 

Nectunis. 

Ampbiumidae. 

Percid  fisbes 

Apbredoderidae 

iSiliirifliTp 

Cottidae. 

( JilUl.  lUUCa 

Haploini 

Hypsaeidae. 

Accipenseridae. 

Spatulariidae. 

Cypriuidae 

Plagopteriuae. 

(JasteroHteidae. 

Catostomidae. 

Amiidae. 
Lepidosteidae. 

i'otromyzou. 

The  special  peculiarities  of  the  Xearctic  region  are  then  chiefly  seen 

lin  the  Fishes  and  Batrachia.    In  Birds  and  Mammals,  its  prominent 

[divergences  from  the  northern  regions  of  the  Old  World  are  seen  in  the 

nuinerons  representatives  of  forms  which  are  characteristically  South 


%,  'I'- 


ll,; 


58 

American.  Of  these,  the  birds  offer  many  genera  peculiar  to  North 
America,  while  the  few  Mammalia  are  of  Neotropical  genera.  The 
gre«atest  resemblance  between  the  North  American  and  Palaearctic 
region  is  seen  in  the  Mammalia.  Around  the  Arctic  regions  as  well  as 
further  south,  several  species,  both  of  Mammalia  and  Birds,  arc 
identical. 

Among  Mollusks  there  is  also  much  resemblance.  Anodonta,  Vnio, 
and  Siiccinea  are  common  to  both  the  northern  faunae,  but  have  no 
common  species ;  all  three  greatly  predominate  in  numbers  in  North 
America.  The  snails  of  the  west  coast  are  very  European  in  character, 
but  there  are  but  few  Pupae  in  the  Kegio  Nearctica,  and  no  Clausiliae^  and 
BulbmiH  is  represented  by  few  species. 

II.— NUMBER  OF  SPECIES. 

Tlio  numbers  of  the  Vertebrata  found  in  the  Nearctic  realm  are  nearly 

as  follows: 

jMammalia: 

Monotremata 0 

Marsupialla , 1 

Edentata 1 

Rodentia 139 

Inscctivora 28 

Chiroptera , 23 

Cetaeea 42 

Sirenia 1 

Hyracoidea 0 

Prohoscidea 0 

Perissodactyla 0 

\  Omnivora 1 

Artiodactyla  ■{ 

^  Riiminantia 14 

(  Pinnipedia 13 

Carnivora  < 

^  Fissipcdia    40 

Primates 1 

310 

AVES: 

(  Oscines 30G 

Passercs  <  ^,       ^  „„ 

i  Clamatores 33 

Zygodactyli 36 

Syndactyli 20 


59 


A  VKS — Continued. 

Vsittaci 

Accipitres 

Pullastrae 

Gallinae 

Brevipennea  . . 

Grallae 

Lamellirostres . 
Steyanopodes  . . 
Longipenncs . . . 
Pygopodes  .. .. 


Reptilia  : 
CrocodiUa  . 
Testudinata 
Lacertilia . . 
Ophidia  . . . 


1 

61 
12 
22 
0 
81 
49 
13 
71 
51 


2 

41 

82 

132 


48 

49 

0 
o 


Batrachia  : 

Anura 

Urodela 

Gymnophidia , 

Proteida 

Trachystomata 

Pisces  : 

»  Pharyngop^mthi 

Labyrinth.  I    

Distegi 178 

Bhegnopteri 2 

Ptrcomorph i {  Epilasmia 18 


12 
0 


Scyphobranchii 

Haplodoci 

Anacanthini  . .. 
[Heterosomata  . 


Plectognathi. .. 

Pedicitlati 

Hemibranchii  . 
Lopliohrancliii 
Synentognathi 
Percesoces  


I  7 
3 
30 
22 
30 
8 
20 


7 


10 
13 


756 


2o7 


101 


i 
I 


'?.  '.<' 


Il'llil'ip 


■rWi,;;, 


60 

Pisces — Continued.  .     - 

Ilaplomi 34 

IsospomhjU 70 

PlectospomhjU 150 

kSq/pliophori 0 

Nemningnathi 27 

yotavanihi 0 

Glanencheli 0 

Ichthyoccphali ■, 0 

Holostomi  ...  ■ 0 

Eiichehjccphali 2 

Coloccphali 3 

Hulecomorpld 2 

Ginglymodi 15 

y        Glaniostomi 30 

Selachostomi 1 

IlolocephaU 2 

Plagiosiomi 46 

Dipnoi , 0 

81G 

Dermopieri 8 

Leptocardii 1 

Total  species  of  Vertebrata 2, 240 

This  number  is  considerably  below  tbe  truth,  as  many  of  the  fishes, 
both  of  the  ocean  and  of  the  fresh  waters,  remain  undescribed. 

It  is  more  difiScult  to  state  the  number  of  species  of  the  inferior  divis- 
ions of  the  animal  kingdom.  It  is  asserted  that  8,000  species  of  Cole- 
opterous insects  have  been  discovered  in  the  IllTearctic  region,  and  that 
this  is  i)robably  about  two-thirds  of  the  whole.  This  would  give  12,000 
species  of  this  the  most  numerous  order,  and  the  Lepidoptera,  ITymenop- 
tera,  and  Diptera  will  follow  at  no  great  distance.  Probably  50,000  is 
below  the  mark  as  an  estimate  of  the  number  of  species  of  insects  of  this 
region.  One  thousand  species  are  to  be  added  for  the  remaining  Arthro- 
poda — say,  200  Myriopoda^  400  Araclinida,  and  400  Crustacea.  Of  worms  j 
of  land  and  water  there  are  numerous  species,  the  greater  proportion 
of  which  are  not  yet  known  to  science. 

The  number  of  the  Mollusca  and  Molluscoida  from  the  coasts  and  inte- 
rior of  the  North  American  region  is  about  1,824,  of  which  only  400  are] 
marine.    Of  the  remainder,  1,034  live  in  the  numerous  rivers  and  lakes, 


61 


6 
0 

_      81C 

8 
1 

or  divis- 
of  Cole- 
and  tliat 
e  12,000 
Jymenoih 
50,000  is 
its  of  this 
Arthro- 
f  worms 
oporliou 

land  iute- 
ly  400  are  I 
IndlaUesJ 


and  400  are  terrestrial  and  air-breathers.     They  are  distributed  aniou}; 

the  classes  as  follows: 

Ckpiialopoda L'5 

rULMONATA 400 

(  Fresh-water 43S 

ruOSOBRANCUIATA  <  ,,     . 

^  Marine  297 

IIlOTEROPODA 28 

Opistiiobranciiiata 

PlEROPODA 

SCAPIIOPODA 

Fresh-water 

Marine 

MOLLl'SCOIDA. 

Braciiiopoda 10 

ASCIDIA... 30 

BllYOZOA 39 

The  remaiuiug  divisions  of  the  animal  kingdom  may  be  estimated  to 
miuiber  nearly  as  follows : 


LAMELLIBRA^X•IIIATA 


53 


25 


4 
590 
377 


ECHINODERMATA  (123). 


HOLOTHURLDA. 
ECHINOIDEA . . . 

Crinoidea 

ASTEROIDEA.. 


East        iDte 
coast.     «riur. 

32 
50 

*> 

17 


WCHt 

coast. 
4 

18 

? 


Medusae  : 

Discophora . . . 

Siphono2)hora , 

Ctenophora 

Polypi 

Hydroidea 


COELEXTERATA  (144). 


80 

•  •  •  • 

3 

•    a    «    • 

<> 

12 

'     •    .     >    « 

2 

13 

4 

The  divisions  of  Protozoa  are  well  represented  in  our  waters,  but  the 
uumbers  of  our  Spongiida,  Infusoria  and  Rhizopoda,  have  not  yet 
;  been  ascertained. 

III.— relations  to  other  realms. 

It  has  been  already  remarked  that  several  species  of  Vcrtebrata  are 
I  common  to  our  northern  regions  and  Europe,  Asia,  etc.    Thus,  the 


62 


i";T.  .. 


1  V 


,V,jT 


."It 


mi"' " 


l>i't'^> 


wolf  extends  throughout  tho  northern  hemisphere ;  the  same  may  he 
said  of  the  fox,  tho  ermine,  and,  perhaps,  of  the  beaver.  It  is  not 
improbable  that  our  buffalo  [Boa  amcricanns)  is  a  variety  only  of  the  B. 
bison  of  the  Old  World,  and  that  the  grizzly  bear  ( Uraua  horrihilis)  bears 
the  same  relation  to  tho  European  brown  bear  {U.  arcton).  There  are 
also  certain  corresponding  or  representative  species  ;  thus,  our  red  fox 
{Vuli)e8f ulcus)  is  nearly  related  to  the  European  fox  (V.  vulgaris),  and 
the  red  squirrel  {sciurus  hudsonicns)  to  the  8.  vulgaris  of  Europe.  The 
elk  and  moose  {Cervus  canadensis  and  Alces  americamis)  respectively 
answer  to  the  C.  claphus  and  Alces  eiiropaeus. 

The  majority  of  American  deer  belong  to  a  peculiar  group  {Cariaciis) 
mainly  characteristic  of  the  Nearctic  realm ;  while  the  species  of  the 
orders  Bodentia  aud  Insectivora  are  mostly  of  characteristically  uistinct 
species  or  higher  groups. 

Among  birds,  similar  relations  prevail.  The  singing-birds  are  tbe 
most  characteristic  of  any  continent,  and  here  we  And  in  North  Americii 
the  greatest  number  of  species,  genera,  and  families  of  birds  which 
differ  from  those  of  the  Old  World.  Of  the  latter,  true  thrushes,  swal- 
lows, shrikes,  and  crows  occur,  but  iu  limited  numbers ;  while  the  genera 
of  finches  are  mostly  distinct,  and  the  vireos,  tanagers,  wood- warblers, 
Icteridae,  and  mock-thrushes,  which  form  the  bulk  of  our  avifauna,  do 
not  exist  in  the  Old  World.  On  the  other  hand,  starlings,  flycatchers, 
and  warblers  are  absent  from  North  America. 

As  wo  direct  our  observation  to  birds  of  extended  flight,  as  the 
Accijntrcs  and  water-birds,  cases  of  identity  of  species  of  opposite  con- 
tinents become  more  frequent.  This  is  mostly  confined  here,  also,  to 
the  northern  regions.  The  marsh-hawk  {Circus  cyancus),  peregrine 
falcon,  fish-bawk,  and  golden  eagle  are  exami)les  among  Falconidae. 
Among  owls,  the  cases  are  still  more  numerous}  such  are  liyctca  nivca, 
Surnia  uhila,  Otus  hracliyotus,  Strix  Jlammea.  Some  of  these  present 
geographical  varieties.  Corresponding  species  are  common  here,  e.  <j.> 
the  American — 

Ualiadtiis  leucocepkalus  to  //.  albicilla  of  Europe  ; 
Bitteo  sicainsonii  to  B.  vulgaris  ; 
Falco  sparverius  to  F.  tinmmcuhis  ; 
Falco  columharius  to  F.  aesalon; 
Bubo  virginianus  to  B.  maximus  ; 
Otus  vilsonianus  to  0.  vulgaris  ;  ^ 

etc.,  etc. 


63 


Tilt)  Nearctic  renlm  poaaosses  a  peculiar  family,  the  Cathartidae 
(turkey-buzzards),  which  the  Old  World  lacks,  but  has  uo  vultures 
properly  socuUed, 

There  are  several  wadiug-blrds  common  to  the  two  continents ;  and 
cases  of  identity  among  the  ducks,  gulls,  and  divers  are  relatively  still 
more  numerous.  The  (lallinae  are,  on  the  other  hand,  entirely  distinct, 
thou{?li  not  without  a  few  corresponding  species. 

Among  lower  Vortebrata,  specific  identity  is  unknown,  except  in  one 
frog  {liana  temporaria)  and  a  few  marine  fishes,  with  one  of  fresh-water, 
the  northern  pike  {Esox  lucim).  The  numerous  tortoises  of  North 
America  remind  one  especially  of  Eastern  Asia  and  India,  but  the 
western  regions  of  our  continent  are  as  deficient  in  this  form  of  animal 
life  as  the  corresponding  part  of  the  Palaearctic  region.  Chelydra  is 
peculiarly  North  American,  and  the  CinostcrnUJae  are  Mexican  in 
character. 

The  principal  Crocodilian  is  our  alligator,  which  presents  only  minor 
(liU'erences  from  the  South  American  caimans.  The  lizards  are  all 
of  Neotropical  families,  except  the  seines  {Eiimcces),  which  are  found 
elsewhere  chiefly  in  Africa  and  Australia.  The  genera  are  nearly  all 
peculiar,  or  extend  a  short  distance  into  the  northern  parts  of  the  Neo- 
tropical, ilexico,  and  the  West  Indies.  Some  families  have,  however,  a 
correspondence  with  those  of  the  Old  World,  as  follows :  The  Nearctic — 

Teiidae  to  Lacertidae ; 
Gerrhouotidae  to  Zontiiidae; 
Iguanidae  to  Agamidae. 
The  Batradila  present  relations  to  the  Europeo- Asiatic  fauna  iu  the 
•species  of  one  genus  {Rana)  oi  frogs,  and  one  genus  {yotophthalimis) 
lof  salamanders.    In  other  respects,  the  Nearctic  batrachiau  fauna  is 
[highly  peculiar.    The  cosmopolitan  genus  Uyla  (tree-frogs)  exists  in 
Immierous  species,  several  of  which  are  terrestrial.    The  burrowing-frogs 
hScaphiojnclae)  are  nearly  all  peculiar  to  this  faima.    The  toads  are 
lof  a  peculiar  division  of  the  all  but  cosmopolitan  genus  Biifo.    The 
jsalamanders  present  the  greatest  peculiarities.    The  large  family  of 
^ktJiodontidae  is  represented  by  various  forms,  mostly  terrestrial ;  while 
the  genera  Besmognatlius  and  Amhhjstoma,  each  alone  in  its  family, 
present  curious  structural  modifications.    To  the  latter  belong  the  Sire- 
Ions,  or  larval  Amblystomae,  which  reproduce  without  regard  to  their 
letamorphosis,  sometimes  completing   it  and  sometimes  remaining 
unchanged. 


'li 


1,1' 


II 


l^:,'f. 


'»:.!H:''>^i 


It  '^''' 


SiTj   t'      ''     ■' 


I;     ]H 


I 


»*: 


lifM'i"": 


04 

As  permanent  gill-bearing  Bidrackia,  Kccti.nis  represents  the  Palae- 
arctic  Proteus,  and  Siren  is  quite  peculiar  to  Xortu  America.  The 
AmpJiiuma,  or  snakelike  IJatracbia,  calls  to  mind  the  similar  extinct 
forms  of  the  Coal-Measures ;  while  Protonopsis  is  represented  by  living 
species  in  Eastern  Asia,  and  by  a  fossil  genus  in  the  ]\lioeene  of  Ger- 
many. 

The  marine  fishes  embrace  some  species  which  range  both  coasts 
of  the  North  Atlantic.  Such  are  the  salmon,  the  haddock,  the  mackerel, 
etc.,  which  furnish  food  and  occupation  for  a  numerous  population  on 
the  northeastern  coast.  Farther  south,  the  mullet  {MikjU  alhula)  is  a 
valued  food-fish,  and  is  caught  and  packed  in  great  numbers.  The 
fishes  of  the  Pacific  coast  are  mostly  distinct  from  those  of  the  Atlantic, 
except  a  few  circumpolar  forms,  as  Gasterosteiis  aculeatus  ;  but  several 
(as  Gadus  vachna,  Pall.)  are  found  also  on  the  Asiatic  coast.  On  the 
warmer  coasts,  a  few  species  are  common  to  both  oceans,  while  others 
exist  which  have  a  great  range  over  several  seas,  noticeable  among 
which  are  certain  species  of  PlectognatJii,  particularly  of  Diodon,  Ba- 
tistes, etc. 

The  fresh-W'Oter  fishes  embrace  many  families  characteristic  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  as  the  cods  {Gadidae),  Percidae  or  perch,  the  scul- 
pins  (Cottidae),  pike  {Esocidae),  chubs  {Cyprinidae),  the  salmon,  and 
herring,  eel,  sturgeon,  and  lamprey  families.  In  the  catfishes,  the 
region  reminds  us  of  the  tropical  and  southern  regions ;  though  it  is  ;i 
singular  fact  that  one  of  our  genera  {Ammnts)  is  represented  by  single 
species  in  China. 

The  suckers  {Catostomidae)  are  very  abundant  and  characteristic  in  all 
fresh  waters;  but  here,  agai.  .  a  single  species  [Carpiodes  sinemis)  has 
Ijcen  detected  in  China.  This  is  paralleled  by  the  genus  Polyodon  (pad 
die-fish),  of  which  one  species  is  found  in  the  ^Mississippi  Valley,  and 
one  in  the  Yang  tse-kiang.  The  most  striking  peculiarity  of  the  Nearc- 
tic  waters  is  the  presence  of  the  family  of  Lepidosteidae,  or  bony  gars, 
which  is  represented  by  two  genera  and  numerous  species.  No  form  at 
all  resembling  these  exists  in  any  other  country,  excepting  a^ain  one 
species  in  China,  and  one  other  which  is  found  in  the  adjoining  Neotrop 
ical  region.  Not  less  peculiar  are  the  species  of  dog-fish  {Amia),  type  of  j 
the  order  Ilalecomorphl,  which  have  some  remote  affinities  with  South  j 
American  forms. 

The  relations  to  the  Neotropical  realm  are  in  part  indicated  in  tbej 
table  on  page  57.    But  few  species  are  common  to  the  Nearctic  auil 


Soiitliern  Neotropical  realms.  But  one  mammal  (the  cougar,  Fclis  con- 
color),  aud  no  reptiles,  batrachians,  nor  fresh-water  fishes,  extend  into 
Brazil ;  but  a  number  of  birds  are  permanent  residents  throughout  both 
realms.    These  are  mostly  waders,  as  follows: 


Rallus  crepitans. 
Limosa  fedoa. 
Tryngites  rufescens. 
Actiturus  hartrmnius. 
Heteroscelus  hreripes, 
Symphemia  scmipalmata, 
Ereunetcs  petrijicatus. 
Aegialitis  Tilsonius. 
Xycth crodius  r io la ce us. 

To  these  must  be  added  the  turkey-vulture,  Cathartes  aura.  Then 
certain  marine  birds  aud  a  few  fishes  extend  along  the  coasts  of  both 
regions,  but  their  number  is  comparatively  small. 

The  number  of  species  of  the  Is^earctic  realm  which  occur  in  the  Mex- 
ican region  is  rather  greater.  The  red  lynx  and  raccoon  are  examples 
of  mammals,  and  several  species  of  wood- warblers,  vireos,  and  hawks 
represent  the  birds  as  far  south  as  the  Isthmus  of  Darien.  The  only 
reptiles  are  the  snapping-tortoise  and  tbe  ringed  snake  Ophibolus  dolia- 
ills ;  the  only  batrachian  is  the  Rana  halecina  bcrlandieri.  A  few  other 
species,  as  Eutaenia  sirtalis,  extend  for  a  shorter  distance  into  the  same 
region. 

In  the  higher  groups  of  the  genus  and  family,  we  have  greater  com- 
inunity  with  the  Neotropical  realm.  But  few  genera  of  Batraclda  and 
lieptUia  extend  to  its  Brazilian  region,  but  there  are  a  few  common 
genera  of  JitammaUa  {Mej)hitis,  Procyon,  Ursus,  Scinrm,  Ilespcromys,  aud 
Dklelphys),  and  a  number  of  birds,  especially  among  the  lower  orders,  and 
tbe  scansores,  syndactyli,  aud  clamatores,  particularly  the  Tyrannidae. 
Tbe  number  of  genera  which  enter  INIexico  and  Central  America  is  much 
greater,  and  I  select  the  following  from  the  mammals,  reptiles,  aud 
batrachians  as  these  are  incapable  of  the  migrations  performed  by  birds. 
Cosmopolitan  genera  and  those  common  to  both  the  American  realms 
are  omitted. 
5  II 


'i4 


'  'ill:  y¥ 


■li.lfii 


"!'■   i| 


66 

Mam?-ialia. 

Lynx. 

TJrocyon. 

Putorius. 

Bassaris. 

Geomys. 

Thomomys. 

Ochetodon. 

Arvicola. 

Neotoma. 

Sigmodon. 

Curiae  us. 

Antilocairra. 

IlEPTILIA. 

Crotalus. 

Candisona. 

Ancistrodon. 

Tropidoclonium. 

Tropidonotm. 

Eutaenia. 

Trimorphodon. 

Eypsiglena. 

Ophibolus. 

Phimothyra. 

Pltyophis. 

Coluber. 

Tantilla. 

Chilomcnisciis. 

Cinostermim. 

Chelydra. 

Pscudemys. 

Chelojnis. 

Sceloporiis. 

Phrynosoma. 

Heloderma. 

Barissia. 

Gerrhonotus. 

OUgosoma. 

Eumeces. 

Cnemidophorvs. 


67 
Bateachia. 

Amblystoma. 
Spelerpes. 
Spea. 
Rana. 

Of  fishes,  the  common  genera  of  the  fresh  waters  are  few.  They  are 
Oimrdinns,  Oamhusia,  Haplochilus,  and  Fundulus  of  Cyprinodontidae, 
and  Atraciosteiis  of  the  bony  gars.  The  southward  distribution  of  the 
above  genera  terminates  at  various  points ;  but  those  which  belong  to 
the  Austroriparian  region,  as  distinguished  from  the  Sonoran,  are  mainly 
confined  to  the  Mexican  plateau.  The  presence  of  these,  together  with 
a  number  of  peculiar  forms,  indicates  another  region  of  the  Nearctic, 
which  is  in  many  respects  allied  to  the  Austroriparian.  This  subject 
will  be  considered  in  a  subsequent  paper. 

lu  comparing  the  Nearctic  realm  with  the  West  Indian  region  of  the 

Neotropical,  much  less  resemblance  can  be  detected,  especially  in  the 

Eeptiles  and  Batrachia.    The  only  identical  species  is  the  AnoUs  prin- 

i  c'(j)«/is,  which  is  common  to  the  Austroriparian  region  and  Cuba,  and 

1  there  are  three  others  of  West  Indian  origin  found  in  the  southern  part  of 

[Florida.    The  Anolis  is  the  only  reptilian  genus  of  wide  distribution  in 

the  Xearctic  realm  which  occurs  in  the  West  Indian  region.    The  West 

Indian  genus  Dromicua  is  represented  by  one  species,  a  rare  snake  from 

|the  coast  of  North  Carolina.    In  Batrachia,  there  is  no  couimunity  of 

species  and  none  of  genera,  excepting  in  the  case  of  tlie  cosmopolitan 

jenera  Bvfo  and  Hyla. 

IV. — THE  REGIONf^. 

We  may  now  consider  the  variations  exhibited  by  the  component 

parts  of  the  Nearctic  fauna.    The  distribution  of  types  indicates  six 

pncipal  subdivisions,  which  have  been  called  the  Austroriparian, 

Eastern,  Central,  Pacific,  Sonoran,  and  Lower  Californian.    The  Austro* 

pparian  region   extends  northward  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  the 

Sothermal  of  77°  F.    It  commences  near  Norfolk,  Va.,  and  occupies  a 

|elt  along  the  coast,  extending  inland  in  North  Carolina.    It  passes 

)uth  of  the  Georgia  Mountains,  and  to  the  northwestward  up  the  jMIs- 

[ssippi  Valley  to  the  southern  part  of  Illinois.    West  of  the  Missis- 

Ippi,  the  boundary  extends  south  along  the  southern  boundary  of  the 

gh  lauds  of  Texas,  reaching  the  Gulf  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ilio  Grande. 


as 


..iliil'i 


f'm 


m  ^i^' 


m^!^  • 


Tho  Eastern  is  the  most  extended,  reaching  from  the  isothermal  line  of 
77°  F.  north  and  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  the  elevated  plains  west 
of  the  Mississippi  Kiver.  Many  of  its  forms  extend  up  tho  bottoms  of 
the  rivers  which  flow  to  the  eastward  through  "The  Plains."  The  Cen- 
tral region  extends  from  the  limit  of  the  Eastern  as  far  west  as  the 
Sierni  Jsevada,  and  south  on  the  mountaius  of  25'evada,  and  along  the 
mountains  of  New  Mexico.  The  Sonorau  includes  parts  of  Nevada,  New 
Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Sonora  in  Mexico.  It  does  not  cross  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  nor  the  Mojave  desert,  nor  extend  into  the  peninsula  of  Lower 
California.  It  sends  a  belt  northward  on  the  east  side  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  as  far  as,  including  Owen's  Valley  in  Eastern  California,  latitude 
370,  and  enters  other  valleys  in  Nevada  in  the  same  way.  It  occupies 
the  lower  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  and  extends  into  Texas  as  far  as 
the  desert  east  of  the  Rio  Pecos.  It  extends  southward  in  ^Yesteru 
Mexico  as  far  as  Mazatlan.  The  Lower  Californian  region  occupies  the 
peninsula  of  that  name  as  far  north  as  near  San  Diego. 

The  peculiarities  of  these  regions  are  well  marked.  The  two  regions 
included  in  Eastern  North  America  difter  from  all  tho  others  in  the 
abundance  of  their  turtles  and  the  small  number  of  their  lizards. 
Prolific  of  life,  this  area  is  not  subdivided  by  any  marked  natural  bar- 
riers. Hence,  though  its  species  present  great  varieties  in  extent  of 
range,  it  is  not  divided  into  districts  which  are  very  sharply  defined. 
The  warmer  regions  are  much  richer  in  birds,  reptiles,  and  insects  than 
the  cooler;  and  as  we  advance  northward  many  species  disanpear,  while 
a  few  others  are  added.  The  natural  division  of  the  eastern  part  of  the 
continent  is  then  in  a  measure  dependent  on  the  isothermal  lines  which 
traverse  it.  In  accordance  with  this  view,  the  following  districts  have 
been  proposed,  viz :  The  Carolinian ;  the  Allcghanian ;  the  Canadian ; 
and  the  Iludsonian. 

The  Austroriparian  region  includes  the  Floridan,  Louisianiau,  and 
Texan  districts.  It  possesses  many  peculiar  genera  of  reptiles  not 
found  elsewhere,  while  the  region  north  of  it  possesses  none,  its  genera 
being  distributed  over  some  or  all  of  the  remaiuiu'  regions.  Tho  num- 
ber of  peculiar  species  in  all  departments  of  animal  life  is  large. 
It  presents  the  greatest  development  of  the  eastern  reptile  life.  Six- 
teen genera  of  Reptiles  and  eight  of  Batrachia  do  not  range  to  the 
northward,  while  ninety-nine  species  are  restricted  in  the  same  manner. 
The  peculiar  genera  which  occur  over  most  of  its  area  arc — 


Lizards. 

AnoUs. 
Oligosoma. 

Snakes. 

Haldea. 

CemopJiora. 

lantiUa. 

Spilotcs. 
Ahastor. 
Farancia. 
Tortoises. 

Macrochdys. 

Crocodiles. 

Alligator. 

Batraciiia. 

Engystoma. 

Maucuhis. 

Stereochilus. 

MHrocnojisis. 

Siren. 

I  have  omitted  from  this  list  teu  genera  which  are  restricted  to  oue  or 
the  other  of  its  subdivisions.  The  Siren,  the  Cemophora,  the  Atiolis 
(chameleon),  and  the  Alligator,  are  the  most  striking  of  the  above  char- 
acteristic genera.  No  genus  of  lizards  is  peculiar  excepting  Anolis  and 
Oligosoma,  which  have  their  greatest  development  in  other  than  the 
Nearctic  continent.  Among  serpents,  a  few  genera  of  Neotropical  char- 
acter extend  eastward  along  the  region  of  the  Mexican  Gulf,  as  far  as 
the  Atlantic  coast,  which  are  not  found  in  any  of  the  Northern  re- 
gions ;  such  are  Spilotes,  Tantilla  (occurs  in  Lower  California),  and  Elaps 
(also  in  the  Sonoran).  On  the  other  hand,  Celitta,  Virginia,  Ilaldea,  and 
Storcria,  embrace  small  serpents  which  it  shares  with  the  Eastern 
legion. 

This  region  is  the  headquarters  of  the  Batrachia,  especially  of  the 
tailed  forms.  The  majority  of  species  of  the  tailless  genera  are  found 
lioi'c,  especially  of  Hyla  (tree-toads),  liana,  and  Chorophihts. 


70 


r  'f ' 


B) ''Jlii»'V' 


m^^i 


There  are  no  less  tbau  nine  genera  cf  birds  whieli  do  not,  or  only 
accidentnlly,  ranj;e  northward  of  this  district.    They  are — 

FlotiiH. 
Tantalus. 
Platalea. 
Elantts. 
Ictinia. 
'  Conurus. 
Chamaepelia. 
Campcphihis. 
Echnithcru8. 

All  these  genera,  excepting  the  last,  range  into  South  America  or 
farther. 

Among  mammals,  but  lew  species  and  one  genus  {SUjmodon)  are 
confined  to  it.  Lepiis  aquaticus  and  L.  palustris,  the  cotton-rat,  the 
Florida  Ncotoma,  etc.,  and  a  few  others,  are  restricted  by  it.  The  fish- 
fauna  is  very  similar  to  that  of  the  Eastern  region,  under  which  it 
will  be  considered. 

The  Eastern  region  differs  from  the  Austroripariau  almost  entirely 
in  what  it  lacks,  and  agrees  with  it  in  all  those  peculiarities  hy  which  it 
is  so  widely  separated  from  the  Central  region.  'So  genus  of  mam- 
mals is  found  in  it  which  does  not  range  into  the  Central  or  other 
region,  excepting  Condyhira  (star-nosed  mole) ;  but  numerous  species 
are  confined  to  it,  not  extending  into  the  Austroriparian.  These  number 
from  twenty  to  twenty-five.  Among  birds,  the  following  genera  are  shared 
with  the  more  southern  region  only:  Quiscaliis,  Seiurus,  Oporornis, 
HelmitlwruSj  Protonotaria,  Parula,  Mniotilta,  Ortyx.  No  genus  of  Eep- 
tiles,  and  but  one  of  Batrachians  {Gyrinophilus),  is  confined  to  this 
region ;  but  it  shares  all  it  possesses  with  the  Austroriparian.  It 
has  but  three  genera  of  lizards,  viz,  Cnemidophorus,  Eumeces,  and  Seek- 
porus,  which  are  universallj'  Nearctic.    The  Batrachian  genera  not  found 

in  the  Central  are — 

iScaphiopus. 

Gyrino2)h'duN. 
i^pelerpes. 
Plethodon. 
Ucmidactylium. 
Dcsmatognathns. 
<  Menopoma. 

INccturus. 


71 


The  cbaracteristics  of  the  fish-fauna  of  Eastern  Nearctica  are  much 
more  marked;  two  entire  orders,  represented  by  the  gar  {Oinglymodi) 
aud  dog-fish  {HaleconwrpM),  are  confined  to  it,  and  a  series  of  genera  of 
Percidae,  embraciDg  many  species,  known  as  Etheostominae,  have  the 
same  range.  The  Siluridae  all  belong  here,  as  well  as  a  great  majority 
ot  the  genera  of  Cyprinidae  and  Catostomidae.  In  all  of  these  divisions, 
the  region  is  very  rich  in  species,  owing  to  the  abundance  of  everflow- 
iug  rivers  and  streams  which  drain  it.  The  Polyodontidae  (spoon-bill  or 
paddle-fish)  are  not  found  in  any  of  the  other  regions.* 

The  Central  region  is  characterized  by  the  general  absence  of  forests, 
as  compared  with  the  Eastern.  It  presents  two  distinct  divisions,  each 
peculiar  in  its  vegetation :  the  division  of  the  plains,  which  extends  from 
the  eastern  border  to  the  Rocky  Mountains;  and  the  Eocky  Mountain 
region  itself,  which  extends  to  the  Sierra  Nevada.  The  former  is  covered 
with  grass,  and  is  almost  totally  treeless ;  the  latter  is  covered  with  ^^sagc- 
hvnsih'^  {Artemisia),  a  short  stout  bush,  which  forms  extensive  areasof  tree- 
less brush.  The  grass-covered  plains  are  the  range  of  the  bison,  though  it 
formerly  sought  also  the  tracts  of  grass  occasionally  found  among  the 
Artemisia.  The  region,  as  a  whole,  is  distinguished  from  the  Eastern 
by  the  possession  of  several  genera  of  ruminating  Artiodactyles,  i.  e..  An- 
tHocapra,Ha2)locerns,  and  Om,  as  well  as  certain  species  of  the  same  group, 
i,  €.,  Cariacus  macrotis  (black-tailed  deer)  and  C.  leucurus.  Other  genera 
of  mammals  which  distinguish  it  from  the  Eastern  are  Taxidea,  Cynomys, 
Spcrmopliilus,  Dipodomys,  PerognatJms,  and  Lagomys.  A  few  species 
oi  Spermophilus  extend  into  the  northwestern  iiortion  of  the  Eastern; 
while  the  extensive  genus  Geomys  (the  subterranean  gophers)  range 
over  the  Central  subregion,  aud  into  the  Western  aud  Gulf  States 
the  Austroriparian  as  far  as  the  Savannah  River.  A  great  many  species 
of  birds  are  peculiiir  to  the  Central  region,  and  the  following  genera  : 

Oroscoptes. 

Ilydrohata. 

Myiadestes. 

Keocorys. 

Salpinctes. 

Picicorvus. 

Chondestcs. 

(Jalamospiza, 

Ember  nagra. 

Ccntrocercus. 

Pedioecetes. 


*  Excepting  the  coni'se  of  the  Mississippi,  and  porliaps  tho  Rio  Giaiulti. 


72 


'Si  W '  I  ■■;  ■ 
I 


IP' 


!(•>'' 


The  game-birds  of  the  Central  region  are  larger  than  those  of  the 
Eastern.  Such  are  the  sage-cock,  Centrocercus  uropliasiamis  ;  the  Pedi- 
oecetes phasianelhis,  OT  cock  of  the  plains;  the  Tetrao  obscurus ;  several 
ptarmigan  {Lagojnifi)',  and  Boiasa;  the  last  three  Palaearotic  genera 
also. 

The  reptiles  are  not  numerous,  and  tortoises  are  especially  rare. 
Besides  the  genera  of  lizards  characteristic  of  the  Eastern  district,  it 
adds  Phnjnosoma,  Crota2)hytus,  and  Holhroolia.  Among  snakes,  no 
genus  is  peculiar,  and  the  moccasins  and  Elajys  are  wanting.  There  is 
but  one,  possibly  two,  species  of  rattlesnake.  Batrachians  are  few; 
most  of  the  genera  of  Anura  are  found,  except  Hyla.  Among  sala- 
manders, the  only  genus  is  Amhlystoma ;  but  this  is  abundant,  its  large 
larvae  developing  in  the  temporary  pools  of  many  arid  regions.  The 
burrowing-frog,  Spea  homhifrons,  ranges  the  same  region,  and  breeds  in 
much  the  3ame  way.  Ifo  genus  of  Batrachians  or  Reptiles  is  peculiar 
to  the  (      :ral  region. 

Fishes  are  few  in  families  and  species,  largely  in  consequence  of  the 
poverty  of  the  region  in  rivers  and  streams.  In  the  Western  Colorado 
and  the  Humboldt,  perch,  pike,  Siluridae,  herring,  cod,  eels,  gar,  dog- 
fish, and  sturgeon  are  entirely  wanting.  Cyprinidae,  Catostomidae,  Sal- 
monidae,  and  Cottidae  are  the  only  families  abundant  in  individuals  and 
species.  The  same  remarks  apply  in  great  part  to  the  Columbia  River, 
where,  however,  the  Sahnonidae  have  a  great  development.  These  sal- 
mon are  principally  marine  species,  which  ascend  the  river  to  deposit 
their  spawn.  They  belong  to  many  species,  all  peculiar  to  the  region, 
and  embrace  incredible  numbers  of  individuals. 

The  Pacific  region  is  nearly  related  to  the  Central,  and,  as  it  con- 
sists of  only  the  narrow  district  west  of  the  Sierra  Xevada,  might  be 
regarded  as  a  subdivision  of  it.  It,  however,  lacks  the  mammalian 
genera  Bos  and  Antilocapra,  and  possesses  certain  peculiar  genera  of 
birds,  as  Geococcyx  (ground-cuckoo  or  chaparral-cock),  Chainaea,  and 
Oreortyx  (mountain-partridge).  Of  marine  mammalia,  there  are  several 
peculiar  types,  as  the  eared  seals  {Otariidae)  and  sea-otter  {Enliydra). 
There  are  some  genera  of  reptiles,  e.  g.,  Charina,  related  to  the  Boas, 
Lodittj  Amelia,  Gerrhonotiis,  and  Xantusia,  which  do  not  occur  in  the 
Central  subregion.  There  are  three  characteristic  genera  of  Batrachia, 
all  salamanders,  viz,  Anaides,  Batrachoseps,  and  JDicamptodon;  while  the 
Eastern  genera  Plethodon  and  Biemyctylus  re-appear  after  skipping  the 
entire  Central  district.  The  other  types  of  Eastern  Amira  are  found 
here,  there  being  two  species  of  Hyla. 


73 

A  single  species  of  tortoise  {Chclopus  marmoratus)  exists  iu  the  Pacific 
region. 

The  fresh-water  fish-fauna  is  much  like  that  of  the  Central  district  iu 
being  poor  iu  types.  It  adds  the  viviparous  Tharyngognathi  of  the  ftim- 
ily  of  EmhiotocUlae,  which  is  represented  by  a  number  of  species.  The 
marine  fauna  differs  from  that  of  the  east  coast  in  the  great  iiuiiiber 
of  species  of  Sahno  and  Sehastes  and  the  variety  of  types  of  Cottidac.  In 
its  northern  regions,  the  genus  Chirus  and  allies  have  their  peculiar  hab- 
itat. The  singular  genus  Blepsias  (related  to  Coitus)  exists  on  the  same 
coast,  and  several  valuable  species  of  cods  [Gadua  aiiratuSf  G.  periscopusj. 
and  Bracliygadus  minutus),  with  the  peculiar  form  Bathymaster,  belong 
especially  to  the  northern  coasts. 

The  Sonoran  region  is  strongly  marked  among  the  faunae  already  de- 
scribed. It  is  deficient  in  the  species  of  ruminating  Mammalia  found 
in  the  Central,  and  possesses  a  smaller  number  of  species  of  mammals 
than  any  of  the  others.  Of  birds,  a  few  genera  and  several  species  are 
different  from  those  of  the  Central ;  such  are  Calllpepla  (partridge),  Cich- 
lopsis,  Mitrephorus  {Tyrannidae),  Campylorhynchiis,  and  Geococcyx.  Most 
of  these  genera  occur  iu  Mexico,  and  the  last-named  in  California  also. 
It  is  in  Reptiles  that  the  great  peculiarity  of  this  region  appears.  The 
following  genera  are  not  found  in  any  of  the  other  regions  described  : 


1 


LiZAEDS. 

Helodernia. 
Sauromalus. 
Uma. 
Coleonyx. 

Serpents. 

Gyalopium. 

Chionactis. 

Sonora. 

EhinocJiihis. 

Chilopoma. 

Eight  other  genera  of  Reptilia  are  peculiar  to  this  fauna  and  that  of  the 
Lower  Californian  region,  under  which  they  are  enumerated.  Heloder- 
ma,  Coleonyx,  and  allies  of  Gyalopium  of  the  above  list  are  more  largely 
developed  in  species  and  individuals  in  the  Mexican  region  of  the  Neo- 
tropical realm.    Every  one  of  the  five  genera  of  serpents  of  the  Sonoran 


€  :}• : 


^l' 


mm 


il;   "■ 


u 

region  is  characterized  by  a  peculiar  structure  of  tbc  rostral  plate,  which 
is  produced  either  anteriorly  or  laterally  to  an  unusual  degree ;  two  of 
the  genera  {Pliimothyra  and  ChUomcnlscm),  common  to  the  Lower  Cali- 
fornian  region,  present  the  same  peculiarity. 

This  region  is  the  headquarters  of  the  rattlesnakes,  there  being  no 
less  than  nine  species  found  in  it,  of  which  six  are  peculiar.  It  also 
possesses  a  majority  of  the  species  of  horned  toads  {Phnjnosoma);  only 
four  of  the  North  American  species  being  unknown  there.  The  Testu- 
dinate  fauna  is  very  poor,  jmssessing  a  few  species  of  Nearctic  charac- 
ter, and  three  Cinosterna,  two  of  them  of  Mexican  type. 

The  Batrachian  fauna  exhibits  but  one  genus  of  Urodda,  but  several 
of  the  Amim.  Appropriately  to  its  arid  character,  there  is  but  one  Rana, 
but  six  species  of  toad  (Biifo),  this  being  the  headquarters  of  that  genus 
in  the  Kegnum  Nearcticum.  .The  eastern  genus  ScapMopus  appears  here, 
instead  of  the  Spea  of  the  other  western  regions.  There  is  one  species 
of  tree-frog. 

Two  species  of  turtles  of  the  Ciuosternidae  have  been  found.  The 
fresh-water  fish-fauna  is  very  poor,  and  but  little  known.  In  the  Colo- 
rado River  proper,  the  Salmonidac  and  Cottidae  appear  to  be  wanting, 
leaving  only  Cyprlnidae  and  Catostomidac.  A  strongly-marked  division 
of  the  former,  the  Plagojjterinae,  which  embraces  three  genera,  is  mainly 
restricted  to  the  Colorado  River  drainage,  and  is  the  most  striking  feature 
of  the  fish-fauna  of  the  Sonoran  region. 

The  Lower  CaUfornian  region  much  more  nearly  resembles  the  youoraii 
than  the  Pacific  region.  It  possesses,  however,  many  peculiar  species 
of  birds  and  reptiles.^  Seines  appear  to  be  wanting,  but  other  lizards 
abound.  The  following  genera  of  reptiles  have  been  found  here,  which 
do  not  occur  in  any  other  region  of  Nearctica : 

Lizards. 

Verticaria. 

DiplodacUjlus. 

Cyclura, 


Snakes. 
Lichaniira. 

These,  except  the  last,  have  been  found  in  Mexico  or  South  America. 
It  shares  with  the  Sonoran  only,  the  following : 


LlZAKDS.  / 

Dq)sosaurn.s. 
CalUsanruf;, 
Uta. 
FhylloilactyUus, 

Snakes. 

Trhnorphodoii. 
UijpsUjlena. 
Phimotlij/ra. 
Chilomi'ni,scH.s. 

These  genera  constitute  the  most  characteristic  feature  of  the  two 
faunae,  not  occurring  in  any  other  part  of  North  America.  Trimorpho- 
(hn.'IIypsUjlena^  and  PhyUodactylus  arc  well  represented  in  Mexico. 

Of  Batrachians  we  have,  like  the  Sonoran,  Ilyla,  ScajyhiopuSj  and 
Bufo,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  PMhodon,  as  in  the  PaciQc  and  Eastern. 
Of  the  fresh-water  fish-fauna,  nothing  is  known  ;  the  streams  are  few 
and  small.  This  region  extends  northward  to  the  southern  boundary 
of  California. 

Among  the  Invertebrata,  the  MolJiinca  present  facts  of  distribution 
similar  in  significance  to  those  derived  from  the  study  of  the  Vertebrata. 
Thus  the  Eastern,  the  Middle,  and  the  Pacific  districts  are  plainly 
marked  out  in  the  fresh-water  and  land  Mollusca.  To  the  former  are 
entirely  confined  the  8treptoj)omatidae  and  the  great  majority  of  the 
Unionidac,  which  together  constitute  more  than  two-thirds  the  species 
of  the  Nearctic  realm.  Of  land-shells,  the  great  series  of  toothed  snails 
[Mcfiodontitiae),  which  embraces  many  genera  and  species,  is  almost  con- 
fined to  the  Eastern  subregion.  The  same  is  true  of  the  snails  of  the 
gioup  of  Gastrodontinae  and  of  the  genera  Hyalina  and  Hygromia.  The 
Central  subregion  is  characterized  by  its  poverty  in  all  that  respects 
Mollusca,  while  several  genera  of  land-snails  are  peculiar  to  the  Pacific 
region,  and  are  largely  represented  by  species  there.  One  hundred  of 
the  four  hundred  land-shells  described  from  the  Regnum  Nearcticum  be- 
long to  the  western  coast.  Amon^^'  snails,  the  genera  Aglaja,  Arionta,  and 
Po?^»ti7a. are  represented 'by  handsome  species.  MacrocycUs  and  Bin. 
neya  belong  especially  to  this  region. 

As  is  to  be  supposed,  the  Insects  indicate  a  greater  number  of  subdi- 
visions than  the  other  animals.  The  fresh- water  Crustacea  have  been  but 
sparingly  studied.  They  seem,  however,  to  have  a  wide  distribution ; 
thus  Coinbdrus  (craw-fish)  and  Artcmia  are  found  everywhere  where 
physical  conditions  are  suitable. 


i 


IG 


v.— THE  AUSTRORIPARIAN  REGION. 


\i 


•%■.:> 


If,, 


i;.r !('!;; 


?' 


i|»  I,  I 


"^E: 


V".  Ilcptilcs  whoso  distribution  corresponds  with  the  arcd  of  the 
Austroriparian  region — 21 : 


Siren  laeertina. 


Trachjjutomatu, 


Anum. 


Engystoma  carolineuse. 
Acris  gryUus  gryllus. 
llyla  squirella. 
Ilyla  carolinensis. 

Ophidia. 

Caudisona  miliaria. 
Ancistrodon  piscivorus. 
Elaps  fulvius. 
Ualdea  striatula. 
Farancia  abacura. 
Cemophora  coccinea. 
Ophibolus  doliatus  cocciueus. 
Coluber  obsoletus  confinls. 
Coluber  guttatus. 
Tropidonotus  fasciatus. 

Lacertilia. 

Oligosoma  laterale. 

Cnemidophorus  sexlineatus  sexlineatus. 

Opheosaurus  ventralis. 

Anolis  principalis. 

Tcstiidinata. 

Macrochelys  laeertina  (except  Atlantic  slope). 
Pseudemys  mobiliensis  (except  Atlantic  slope). 
Pseudemys  concinna. 
Testudo  Carolina. 

Crocodilia. 

Alligator  mississippiensis. 

As  aleady  remarked,  this  fauna  is  composed  of  the  Floridan,  Louis- 
iauian,  and  Texan  districts. 


77 

Tho  Floridan  district  contains  either  i)eeuliiir  species  of  animals,  or 
those  of  West  Indian  or  South  American  character.  The  characteristic 
birds  arc  chiefly  of  the  latter  'Jiaractcr,  but  amouij  reptiles  the  follow- 
iug  are  confined  to  it : 

V^  Species  confined  to  the  Floridan  district  of  tho  above — 18  : 

Uroilela, 

Manculus  remifer. 

Anura. 
Hyla  gratiosa. 

Lithodytes  ricordii  (Cuba  ;  Bahamas). 
Eaua  areolata  capito. 

Ophidia. 

Elaps  distans  (Sonoran  also). 
Coutia  pygaea. 
Eutaeuia  sackenii. 
Tropidonotus  compsolaemus. 
Tropidonotus  compressicaudus. 
Tropidonotus  ustus. 
Tropidonotus  cyclopium. 
Helicops  allenii. 

LacertlUa. 

Khiueura  floridana. 
Eumeces  egregius. 
Eumeces  ouocrepis. 
Sceloporus  floridauus. 
Spbaerodactylus  uotatus  (Cuba). 

CrocodlUa. 

Crocodilus  americanus  (Cuba). 

Of  the  above,  the  species  of  Crocodilus,  ^pliacrodactylus^  and  Lltho 
ihjtes  only,  have  been  found  in  the  Antilles.  The  genera  of  the  abovo 
list  which  are  peculiar  to  tho  Floridan  district  of  the  Xearctic  fauna 
are — 

Lithodytes. 

Helicops. 

Ehlneiim. 

Spliacrodaciylm. 


d 


5? 


78 


:  &*l 


1   '^  ";!;'!■■    ''^'l 


SI  'tij 


jjiil:.   I'.  "}; 

ii  '^■"•^  ■■'till 


^Ri 


Raptores. 


Waders. 


>Terus. 


A  venomous  snake,  tlie  Ela^s  clistans,  is  common  to  tliis  district  and 
the  Sonoran  fauna. 

Some  small  mammals  a  e  confined  to  tbis  region  also.  The  genera  of 
birds  that  do  not  range  north  of  it  are— 

Certhiola. 
Zenaeda 

Oreopelia     }  Pigeons. 
Starnaenas 

Rostrhamus 
Polyhorus 

Aramtis 

Aitdubonia 

Phoenicopterus. 

Saliplana 
Anoiis 

The  Louisianian  district  possesses  the  peculiarities  of  the  austroripa- 
rian  fauna  already  pointed  out,  minus  those  of  Florida  and  Texas.  Of 
Mammalia,  the  genera  J.  Zees,  j\IustelajJaciilus,Arctomys,Fiber,Sin{i  Condy- 
lura  are  wanting,  as  well  as  the  red-squirrel,  Canada  lynx,  gray-rabbit, 
etc.  Its  most  remarkable  birds  are  the  nonpareil  finch,  ivory -billed  wood- 
pecker, parrckeet,  etc.,  while  its  Flaps  falvius,  or  corr.l-snake,  is  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  of  the  order.  A  large  and  dangerous  rattlesnake  is  also 
confined  to  it,  viz,  Caudisona  adamantea,  and  the  well-known  moccasin 
Ancistrodon  piscivorus  does  not  range  outside  of  its  boundaries.  A 
species  of  the  West  Indian  Dromicus  (serpents)  has  been  found  on  the 
Atlantic  coast. 

y^.  Species  confined  to  the  Louisianian  district — 30  :  (E  confined  to 
the  Eastern  portion ;  AV  to  the  Western,  as  far  as  known). 

Trachystomata. 

Pseudobrauchus  striatus.    E. 

Proteida. 

Xccturus  punctatus.    E. 

Urodela. 

xVmphiuma  means. 
Muraenopsis  trit^actyla.    W. 
Amblystoma  talpoideum.    E. 
Amblystoma  cing'ulatum.    E. 


79 

Stereocliilus  marginatum.    E. 
Manculus  quadridigitatus.    E. 
Spelerpes  guttolineatus.    E. 

Amira. 

Bufo  lentiginosus  lentiginosus.  , 

Bufo  quercicus. 

Chorophilus  nigritus. 

Choropbilus  augulatus. 

Chorophilus  oculatus. 

Chorophihis  ornatus. 

OphUJla, 

Crotalus  atlaraanteus  aflamauteus. 

Virginia  harperti. 

Virginia  elegans.    W. 

Tantllla  coronata. 

Abastor  erythrogrammus. 

Osceola  elapsoidea.    E. 

Ophibolus  rhombomaculatus. 

Coluber  quadrivittatus.    E. 

Spilotes  couperii.    E. 

Bascanium  flagelliformc  flagelliforme.    E. 

Bascauium  anthicum.    W. 

Tropidonotus  taxispilotus. 

Ilett^rodon  simns  simus. 

Tcstudhiata. 

Aspidonectes  asper.    W. 
Aspidouectes  ferox. 
Aromochelys  carinatus. 
Psoudemys  hieroglyphica.    (?) 
'       Pseudemys  scabra. 
Chryserays  reticulata. 
Cistudo  clausa  triuuguis.     (Penua.) 

A  number  of  the  genera  of  the  above  catalogue  are  noi  ye      aown  to 
extend  their  range  iuto  the  Floridau  or  Texan  districts,  as  follows : 

Pscndohranchis. 
Muracnopsis. 
Virginia. 
Abastor. 
Osceola. 


'!'• 


It*  ■'..'■  I. 


.•^■;.;, 


ill-',;'  a">  ■  ■     •■ 


I- 


80 

The  geuus  Virginia  occurs  within  the  State  of  Texas,  but  whether 
Avithin  the  Texau  district  is  uot  certain,  as  the  Hue  separating  the  latter 
from  the  Louisiauian  district  is  not  well  known.  The  ISpclcri)es  mitlti- 
pUcatus,  a  rare  salamander  from  Western  Arkansas,  is  in  the  same  way, 
of  uncertain  reference. 

The  species  of  the  following  list  have  a  peculiar  range,  some  of  them 
(marked  E)  extending  I ejond  the  borders  of  the  Austroriparian  region 

V'^  Species  which  range  along  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  not  east- 
ward of  it— 13 : 

Urodela. 

Amblystoma  microstomum  (E.). 

Ophidia. 

Carphophiops  helenae. 
Virginia  elegans. 
Ophibolus  calligaster  (E.). 
Coluber  emoryi  (E.). 
Eutaenia  faireyi  (E.). 
Eutaeuia  proxima. 
Tropidonotus  grahamii  (E.). 
Tropidonotus  rhombifer. 

Testudiiiata. 

]Macrochelys  lacertina, 
Pseudemys  troostii. 
Malacoclemmys  geographica  (E.). 
Malacoclemmys  pseudogeographica  (E.). 

The  Texan  district  of  the  Aufitroriparian  regiou  is  not  the  range  of 
any  genus  not  found  elsewhere,  but  possesses  the  peculiar  genera  of  the 
Louisiauian  district,  many  of  which  are  represented  hy  correspond- 
ing and  peculiar  species.  Seventeen  such  species  of  reptiles  may  be 
enumerated,  besides  a  siilamnnder  and  a  toad.  Several  species  of  mam- 
mals are  also  peculiar  to  it,  i.  c,  five  rodents  and  two  skunks.  Of  birds, 
three  appear  to  be,  so  far  as  known,  peculiar,  Ortyx  tc.mnu.s,  Virci 
atricapillus,  and  Mih'ulus  forjicatus.  Many  iMexican  birds  are  found  ou 
the  Kio  Grande,  while  a  few  enter  Texas  to  a  greater  distance,  as  Ictcrm 
parisonon.  The  high  northwestern  regions  of  the  State  should  be 
assigned  to  the  Sonoran  fauna,  as  the  range  of  the  two  partridges 
{CaUipcpla  squamata  and  Cyrtonijx  massena)  and  the  linch  {Peucaeit 
cassinii).  ( 


81 


Several  genera  of  mammals,  birds,  aud  reptiles  exist  iu  the  Texan 
region,  wliicU  constitute  its  chief  claim  for  distinction  from  the  Louis- 
iauian  ;  these  are — 

^Mammals. 

Jjicoti/les  (Xt.). 
Bassaris  (P.  St.). 

Birds. 

Geococcyx  (P.  S.). 

Reptiles. 

EolhrooUa  (C.  S.). 
Phrynosoma  (C.  S.  P.). 
Stenostoma  (Nt.  P.). 

None  of  these  are  peculiar:  those  marked  (P.)  being  also  found  in  the 
Pacific;  (C.)  the  Central;  (S.)  the  Sonoran;  and  (Et)  the  Neotropical 
region.  Two  striking  species  of  mammals  range  through  the  Texan 
district,  viz,  the  jaguar  and  the  peccary. 

V.  Species  confined  to  the  Texan  district — 21 : 

Caducihrcowhiata. 
Amblystoma  texanum. 

Anura. 

Bufo  valliceps  (also  Mexico). 
Chorophilus  triseriatus  clarkii. 
Hvla  carolincnsis  semifasciata. 
Eana  areolata  areolata. 

Ophldia, 

CrotKlus  adamanteus  atrox. 

Aucistrodou  piscivorns  pugnax, 

Elaps'  fulvius  tener. 

Tantilla  gracilis. 

Tantilla  hallowellii. 

Tantilla  nigriceps. 

Contia  episcopa. 

Opliibolus  doliatus  auuulatus. 

Diadophis  jiunctatus  stictogenys. 

Coluber  lindheimerii. 
G  II 


mii; 


illii! 


lis:: 


■■'i{,-lr^ 


F'w'  i-' 


82 

Eutaenia  uiarciaiui  (extends  W.). 
Tropidoiiotus  clarkii. 
Tropidouotns  sipedou  woodhousei. 

LacertiUa. 

Holbrookia  texaua. 
Pliryuosoraa  cornutum. 

Tcstudinata. 
Aspidonectes  emoryi. 

VI. — THE  EASTERN  EEGION. 

This  fauna  presents  four  districts,  viz,  the  Carolinian ;  the  Alieglie 
uian ;  the  Canadian ;  and  the  Hudsonian.    These  are  distinguished  by 
the  ranges  of  mammals  aud  reptiles,  and  the  breeding-places  of  birds. 
The  Carolinian  fauna  extends  in  a  belt  north  of  the  Louisianian,  and 
south  of  the  isothermal  of  71°.    Its  northern  boundary  is  said  to  extend 
from  Long  Island,  south  of  the  hill-region  of  is^ew  Jersey,  to  the  south- 
eastern corner  of  Pennsylvania,  and  thence  inland.    It  embraces  a  wide 
belt  in  Maryland  and  Virginia,  and  all  of  central  Jfor  .h  Carolina,  aud 
then  narrows  very  much  in  passing  round  south  of  the  Alleghenies  of 
Georgia.    It  extends  north  again,  occupying  East  Tennessee,  West  Vir- 
ginia, Kentucky,  Indiana,  the  greater  parts  of  Illinois  and  Ohio,  and 
the  southern  border  of  Michigan.    It  includes  also  Southern  Wisconsin 
and  Minnesota,  all  of  Iowa,  and  the  greater  part  of  Missouri.    The 
Alleghanian  embraces  the  States  north  of  the  line  just  described, 
excepting  the  regions  pertaining  to  the  Canadian  fauna,  which  I  now 
describe.    This  includes  Northern  Maine,  Isew  Hampshire,  and  Vermout, 
with  the  Green  Mountains ;  the  Adirondacks  and  summits  of  the  Allc^ 
hany  Mountains  as  far  as  Georgia.    It  includes  Canada  East  and  north 
of  the  lakes.    The  Hudsonian  fauna  is  entirely  north  of  the  isothermal 
of  50°.    It  has  great  extent  west  of  Hudson's  Bay,  and  is  narrowed 
southeastward  to  Newfoundland. 

VI".  Species  peculiar  to  the  Eastern  region — 34 : 

Proteida. 
Necturus  lateralis. 

Ca(Jucibranch>ata. 

Meuopoma  fuscum. 
Amblvstoma  bicolor. 


hetl  In 

an,  aiul 
( exteud 
e  soutli- 
s  a  wide 
iua,  aud 
lenies  of 
est  Vir- 
ihio,  aiHl 
iscousiu 
iri.    Tlie 
[escribed, 
ell  I  innv 
T^ermout, 


83 

Amblystoma  xiphias. 
Amblystoma  jeffersonianum. 
Spelerpes  ruber  montanus. 
Gyriuopliilus  porpbyriticus. 
Desmognathus  ochrophaea. 
Desinognathiis  fusca  fiisea. 
Desmognathus  uigra. 

Amira. 

Bufo  americanus  fowlerii. 

Chorophilus  triserititus  corporalis. 

Hyla  pickeringii. 

Eana  pahistris. 

liana  temporaria  silvatica. 

Raua  temporaria  cantabrigensis 

Eana  septentrionalis  (nearly). 

02)hidia. 

Caudisoua  tergemina. 

Virginia  valeriae. 

Opliibolus  doliatus  triangulum. 

Cyclophis  verualis  (rare  soutli). 

Coluber  vulpinus. 

Pityopbi.s  sayi  sayi. 

Storeria  occipitomaculata. 
Eutaenia  sirtalis  ordinata. 

Tropidoclonium  kirtlandii. 

Lacertilia. 
Eumeces  antbraciuus. 

TcstuiVinata. 

Aspidonectes  spinifer. 
Amyda  mutica. 
Pseudemys  rugosa. 
Chelopus  guttatus. 
Cbelopus  mublenbergii. 
Chelopus  insculptus. 
Emys  meleagris. 


,1;; 


mM 


wmi 


I ' ;,  *    f  , 


• .  "I 


n* 


84 

The  Carolinian  fauna  is  not  so  marked  among  reptiles  as  among  birds. 

One  genus  of  tlie  former,  Cncmiflophorns  (swift  lizard),  does  not  range 

north  of  it,  with  the  genera  Virginia,  CycIopJiis,  Haldca,  and  Pityophin 

among  serpents.    Species  coniincd  in  tlieir  northern  range  by  the  same 

limit  are — 

Opliibolus  iloJiatus  doliatus. 

Opliiholns  (jctulus. 

Tropitlonoius  sipcdon  erythrogaster, 

Fseudemys  rugom. 

Malacodcmmys  paJustris. 

Hyla  andcrsonii. 

Genera  of  birds  restricted  in  the  same  way  are — 

Guiraca. 

Helmitheriis. 

Minius. 

roUoptila. 

GalUnula. 

Herodias. 

Florida. 

Rimantopus. 

Becurvirostra. 

The  Alleghanian  district  includes  nearly  all  of  the  remaining  species 
of  Keptiles  and  several  Batrachians.  The  genera  of  these  which  do 
not  extend  north  of  it  are  the  following : 

Lizards. 

Sccloporus. 
Eumeces. 

Snakes. 

Car2)ho2)hiops. 

Cohther. 

Cycloph  is. 

Tropidonotus, 

Ophiholus. 

Hctcrodon. 

Caudisona. 

Crotalus. 

Ancislrodon. 


85 

Bathaciha.  ' 

Choroplulus, 

Uijla. 

llcmiilat'ti/Uum. 

Disnuujiiatlius. 

Jlcnopomu. 

Xectunm. 
The  species  thus  restricted  uumber  twenty-six.     The  geucra  of  birds 
which  do  not  range  north  of  this  fauna  are  numerous.    They  are — 

Si  alt  a. 

Vireo. 

Pijrcuif/a. 

Hariwrlnjuehus. 

Troglodytes. 

Cyanosjnza. 

Pipilo. 

Ammodwmus. 

Sturnella. 

Icterus. 

Zcnaedura. 

Ciipidonia. 

Ortijx. 

Meleuyrls. 

Ardetta. 

Eallus. 
The  catamount,  red-squirrel,  jumpiug-mouse,  gray-rabbit,  star-nosed 
mole,  and  elk,  do  not  range  south  of  this  fauna. 

The  Canadian  fauna  is  distinguislied  for  its  few  reptiles  (th        jeing 
ouly  seven  species)  and  Batracliia,  as  follows  : 

* 

Tortoises. 

Chelydra  serpentina. 
Chelopus  insci(l2)tns. 
Chrysemys  picta. 

Snakes. 

Bascanium  constrictor. 
Eutaenia  sirtalis. 
Diadophis  piuictatus. 
Storcria  occipitoniaculata. 


■;vi 


'  ■;  »  *  ■ } 


■*■'  :^ 

il,'    V.  ■      ? 
j.;„,!;  .•■«; 


V" 


■{vV 


w:(f>>        "' 


86 

Frogs. 

Eaua  tcmporaria  c(t)itubri(;cnsis. 
Rana  scptenirionalis. 

Salamanders. 
Dcsmognafh ns  ochrophueu. 
DcsmoynathiiH  nifini, 
Spdcrpes  ruber, 
iipclcrpcs  hiUncaius. 
tii)dcr]}CH  longieauda. 

This  fauna  cxteutls  south  along  the  crests  of  the  Alleghenies,  where 
we  find  the  catamount,  snow-bird,  red-squiirel,  and  brook-trout  {Sahno 
fontinaUs),  and  Desmofjnathiis  ochropltoca,  as  far  as  Georgia. 

Several  mammals  are  restricted  in  northward  range  hy  the  boundary 
of  this  fauna;  such  are  the  bullalo,  raccoon,  skunk,  wild-cat,  panther, 
star-nosed  mole,  etc. ;  and  the  moose,  caribou,  wolverine,  and  fisher  do 
not  range,  according  to  J.  A.  Allen,  south  of  it. 

VP.  Species  confined  to  the  Canadian  district,  or  nearly  so  : 

Urodela. 
Aniblystoma  jeffersonianuni  laterale. 

Anura. 

Bufo  lentiginosus  fowlerii. 

Kana  septentrionalis. 

Eana  temi)oraria  cantabrigeusis. 

In  the  Hudsonian  district  there  are  no  reptiles,  and  the  fresh  water; 

begin  to  present  various  new  species  of  Salmo  and  Coregonus  (trout  aud 

white-fish).    The  catamount,  fisher,  ermine,  black-bear,  red-squirrel. 

ground-hog,  etc.,  do  not  range  north  of  it.    The  following  singing-birds 

breed  there: 

Anthiis  tiidovicianus. 

Saxicola  ocnanthe. 

Ampclis  garrnla. 

Acgiothus  linaria. 

ricctrophanes  lappon ica. 

riectropha  nes  n  'walis. 

Plectrophanes  picia, 

Lcticostictc  tcphrocotis. 

The  first  and  last  two  are  the  only  species  not  also  found  in  Europe. 
Numerous  waders  find  swimming-birds  breed  in  this  region,  the  wLok'i 


87 

iiniiiber  being  thirty-six ;  while  ninety-six  species  of  birds  do  not  wander 
north  of  it.  To  this  category  many  of  the  common  species  of  the  Mid- 
dle States  belong. 

Xorth  of  this  the  species  of  vertebrates  are  eircumpolar  or  arctic. 

The  iclithyological  fauna  of  the  two  Eastern  subregions  remains  to 
be  considered.    For  the  present,  they  will  be  united,  though  the  distri- 
bution of  fresh-water  fishes  is  governed  by  laws  similar  to  those  con- 
trolling terrestrial   vertebrates   and  other    animals,   in   spite  of  the 
seemingly  confined  nature  of  their  habitat.     With  this  general  principle 
in  vii'w,  we  may  revert  briefiy  to  this  distribution  over  this  district  of 
the  Xearctic  region.    This  large  area  is  characterized  by  the  distribution 
of  several  species  in  all  its  waters,  or  nearly  so,  so  far  as  yet  exam- 
iiiotl — those  of  Scmoiilus,  Cerat i chili jj.s,  Ilmhsilrpi.s,  Catostomus,  etc.,  or 
by  the  universal  recurrence  of  the  same  in  suitable  situations;  and  by 
the  representation  of  these  and  other  genera  by  nearly  allied  species  in 
its  diflerent  portions.    The  fauna  of  the  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi 
constitutes,  it  might  be  said,  that  of  our  district;  while  the  slight  vari- 
ations presented  by  the  Atlantic-coast  streams  might  be  regarded  as 
exceptional.    The  fauna  of  the  great  lakes  combines  the  peculiarities  of 
both,  possessing  as  a  special  peculiarity,  (I),  which  belongs  to  the  Lake 
region,  which,  in  the  district,  commences  at  latitude  42°  and  extends  to 
the  Arctic  regions,  the  range  of  the  genus  Coregonus.    The  peculiarity 
of  the  Atlantic  subdistrict  (II)  may  be  said  to  be  the  abundance  of  Esox, 
SaJmo,  and  Anguilla,  and  the  absence  of  Ihiploidonotus.    The  first  two 
are  abundant  in  the  Lake  region,  while  AnfjulUa  and  IlaploUJonotm  have 
but  a  partial  distribution  there.     In  (III),  the  Mississippi  basin,  Eftox  is 
represented  by  but  few  species,  and  remarkably  few  individuals.     Sahno 
occurs  abundantly  in  the  upper  parts  of  the  Missouri  tributaries,  exists 
ill  the  western  mountain-streams  of  the  Alleghanies,  becoming  rare  in 
those  of  the  Kanawha,  and  only  occurring  near  the  highest  summits  in 
those  of  the  Tennessee,  south  to  the  line  of  South  Carolina.    It  is 
especially  characterized  by  the  paddle-fish  [Spatularla  or  Polijodon)^  the 
shovel-sturgeon  {Scaphirhynchops),  and  the  alligator-gar  {Atmctosteus)  ] 
also  by  the  buffalo  {Buhalichthys),  the  Cyclcptus,  etc.,  among  suckers, 
and  the  fork-tailed  catfisib.  {IcUthaelurus).    Among  Percomorphs,  the  Ha})- 
loidonoUis  is  the  characteristic  genus;  and  among  those  allied  to  the 
herring,  the  genus  Hyodon.    Numerous  species  are  confined  to  its  afllu- 
euts.    The  gradation  from  the  Mississipi)i  grouping  of  species  to  the 
Atlantic  is  very  gradual,  and  takes  place  in  successional  order  from 


i}^.,. 


n 


m^ 


['■■W' 


■H*i\".' 


tc 


those  emptying  i'       tlie  Gulf  of  Mexico  toward  the  east  and  northeast, 
until  we  reach  vers  of  IMassachusetta  and  Maine,  where  the  great- 

est modilication  oi  the  fauna  exists.  The  latter  fact  has  been  pointed 
out  by  Agassiz,  who  calls  this  region  a  "zoological  island,"  and  enn 
merates  the  characteristic  Nearctic  genera  which  are  wanting  there.  1 
give  now  a  list  showing  the  points  at  which  ^Mississippi  genera  cease,  as 
we  follow  the  rivers  of  the  Gulf  and  Atlantic  coasts,  so  far  as  our 
present  knowledge  extends. 
Gulf  rivers:   Ilaploidouotits  has  not  yet  been  indicated  from  eastward 

of  these,  except  in  the  Lake  area. 
Tioanoke  :  CAimpoHtoma  ceases  here. 
James  :  2[icroptcruf<  and  AmhlopUtvH  cease. 
Potomac  :  Fomo.njs,  according  to  Professor  P>aird  (verb,  comnin.),  ceases 

here. 
Susquehanna:   Ccratichthys,  I^joylossum,  Chyofiomus,  Crtrj>/of7t'.s',  cease. 
Delaware  :   CUnostomus,  Hi/pnilcpis  analontanus,  UnncacaniJius,  and  Lcpi- 

dostciifi  cease. 
Hudson  :  <Semofi?j<.s' corjw>Y<7<,s',  according  toF.W. Putnam  (verb,  commn.), 

ceases. 
The  types  remaining  in  the  Atlantic  waters  of  the  New  England  dis- 
trict (IV)  are  first,  then,  SaJmo,  Esox,  xingHllla,  Perca  ;  and,  secondly,  tlio 
general  types  Boleosoma.    Semotilus,  Ilijpiiilcjns,  Stilbe,  ITyhopsis  [bi/rc- 
natufi),  Fitnfhtlm,  and  A7niurufi ;  and  the  Lake  types  Lota  and  Coref/onns'. 

VII. — THE   CJLN'TKAL  REGION. 

VIP.  Species  peculiar  to  the  Central  region — 12  : 

Amira. 
Spea  bombifrous. 

Ophiilia. 

Ophibolus  multiatratus. 
Eutaenia  radix. 
Eutaenia  vagraus  vagrans. 
Eutaenia  sirtalis  parietalis. 

LacertUia, 
Eumeces  septentrionalis. 
Eumeces  inornatus. 
Eumeces  multivirgatus. 
Holbrookia  maculata  maculata. 
Phrynosoma  douglassii  douglassii. 


89 

Testuilinata. 

Pseiuleinys  elogaiis. 
Clirysemys  oregoueusis. 
Cistiido  oruata. 

VIII.— THE  rACIl-lC   REGION. 

VIII*.  Species  confined  to  the  Paeitic  region— U: 

Ut'Oihla. 

Aniblystotna  macrodaetyhun. 
Aniblystonia  paroticum. 
Aniblystoma  tenebrosuni. 
Amblystoma  ateiTimuni. 
Dicamptodou  ensatns. 
Ijatiaeboseps  attenuatus. 
Uatraehoseps  nigriventris. 
IJatraehoseps  paeitieu.s. 
Pkthodon  intermedins. 
IMethodon  oregonensis. 
x\.n aides  hignbris. 
Anaides  ferrens. 
Dieiuyctvhis  torosns. 

Anura. 

Bnfo  balophiUis. 
Hyla  regilhi. 
Ilyla  cadaverina. 
Spea  liammoudii. 
Kana  temporaria  anrora. 
Eana  pretiosa. 

OphUlia. 

Crotahis  lucifer. 

Contia  mitis. 

Lodia  tenuis. 

Pityophis  catenifer. 

Bascanium  constrictor  vetustum. 

Eutaenia  Lamuondii. 

Eutaenia  elegans. 

Eutaenia  sirtalis  pickeringii. 


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Eutaeuia  sirtalis  concinna. 
Entaenia  sirtalis  tetrataonia. 
Eutaenia  cooperii. 
Eutaenia  atrata. 
Charina  plumbea. 
Stenostoma  bumile. 

Lacertilia. 

Aniella  pulchra. 
Eumeces  skiltouiauus. 
Xantusia  vigilis. 
Barissia  olivacea. 
Gerrlionotus  principis. 
Gerrhonotus  grandis. 
Gerrhonotus  scincicaudus. 
Uta  graciosa. 
Uta  schottii. 
Phrynosoraa  blaiuvillei. 

Tcstiidinata. 
Cbelopus  marinoratus. 

Gerrhonotus  muJticarinattis  is  common  to  tbe  racific  and  Lower  Cab* 

fornia  regionSr 

IX.— THE  SONORAN  REGION. 

IX".  Species  confined  to  tbe  Sonoran  region — C8 : 

Amira. 
Bufo  alvarius. 

Bufo  debilis. 

Bufo  microscapbus. 

Bufo  specioaus. 

Bufo  lentigiuosus  froutosus. 

Hyla  eximia.    (Mexico  also.) 

Hyla  arenicolor. 

Scapbiopus  varius  rectifrenis.   * 

Scapbiopus  coucbii. 

Ophidia. 

Crotalus  pyrrbus.  "       ' 

Crotalus  cerastes. 
Crotalus  tigris. 


91 


Crotalu.s  adtimanteus  scutulatus. 

Crotalus  molossus. 

Caudisoua  edwardsii. 

Elaps  euryxauthus. 

Chilomeniscus  epliippicus. 

Chilomeniscus  ductus. 

Cbioiiactis  occipitalis. 

Coutia  isozoiia. 

Souora  seiniaunulata. 

Gj'alopium  canum. 

Ehiiiochilus  lecontei. 

Opbibolus  pyrrhomelus. 

Opbibolus  getulus  splendidns. 

Diadopbis  regalis. 

Hypsiglena  ochrorbyncba  cbloropbaea. 

Pbiinotbyra  grabaraiae. 

Bascanium  flagelliforme  piceuiu. 

Cbilopoma  rutipunctatum. 

Eutaeuia  macrostemma. 

Eutaeiiia  vagraus  angustirostris. 

Tropidonotus  validus  validus. 

Tropidouotus  sipedon  coucbii. 

Stenostoma  diilce. 

LacertiUa. 

Eumeccs  obsoletus.    . 

Eumeces  guttulatus. 

Cuemidopborus  grabamii. 

Cnemidopborus  iuornatus. 

Cuemidopborus  octolineatus. 

Cnemidopborus  tessellatus  gracilis. 

Cuemidopborus  tessellatus  raelanostetbus. 

Gerrbouotus  nobilis. 

Gerrbouotus  iufernalis. 

Heloderma  suspectum. 

Callisaurus  dracontoides  veutralis. 

Uma  notata. 

Sauromalus  ater. 

Crotapbytus  reticulatus. 

Uta  onv'ta. 


■■  v.- 


92 

Sceloporus  oruatus. 
Sceloponis  jarrovii. 
Sceloporus  poinsettii. 
Sceloporus  torquatus. 
Sceloporus  coucliii. 
Sceloporus  marmoratus. 
Sceloporus  clarkii. 
Pbrynosoiiia  modestum. 
Phrynosoma  maccallii. 
Phrynosoma  regale. 
Phrynosoma  i)laniceps. 
Phryuosoma  bernaudezii. 
Coleonyx  variegatus. 
Phyllodactylus  tuberculatus. 

Testudijiata. 
Ciuosteruum  souoriense. 
Cinosteruum  benrici. 
Ciuosternum  flavescens. 
Testudo  agassizii. 
Phrynosoma  platyrhinium  has  as  yet  been  observed  in  Nevada  only. 

X. — THE  LOWER   CALIFOEIJIAN  REGION. 

X*.  Species  peculiar  to  the  Lower  Californiau  region — 27  : 

Urodela. 
Plethodon  croceater. 

Amira. 
Hyla  curta. 

Oj)ludia, 
Crotalus  enyo. 
Crotalus  mitchellii. 
Tautilla  planiceps. 
Chilomeuiscus  stramiueus. 
Ophibolus  californiae. 
Ophibolus  getulus  conjunctus. 
Hypsiglena  ochrorhyncha  ochrorhyncha. 
Phimothyra  decurtata. 
Pityophis  vertebralis. 
Bascanium  aurigulum. 


\ 


93 

Tropidonotus  validus  celaeno. 
Charina  bottae. 
Lichanura  trivirgata. 
Licbamira  myriolepis. 
Licbsniira  roseofusca. 

LaccrtiUa, 

Pbyllodactylus  uuctus. 
Pbyllodactylus  xauti. 
Cnomidopborus  maxiinus. 
Verticaria  byperytbra. 
Callisaurus  dracontoides. 
(Jta  tbalassiiia. 
Uta  iiigricauda. 
Sceloporus  claikii  zosteromus. 
Pbrynosouui  coronatum. 
Cyclura  beiiiilopba. 

XI.— RELATION   OF  DISTRIBUTION  TO  PHYSICAL  CAUSES. 

The  first  observation  witb  regard  to  tbe  Batracbian  and  Eepiilian 
fauna  of  Nortb  America  is  tbe  usual  one,  viz,  that  tbe  number  of  spe- 
cific and  generic  types  exhibits  a  rapid  increase  as  we  approach  tho 
tropics.  Of  the  area  inhabited  by  these  forms  of  animals,  less  than  one- 
fonrtli  is  included  in  the  three  Southern  regions — the  Austroriparian, 
the  Sonoran,  and  the  Lower  Californian ;  yet  these  contain  more  than 
half  of  the  entire  number  of  species,  and  all  but  eight  of  the  genera  are 
fouud  in  them.  Of  this  number,  forty-two  genera,  or  one-third  of  the 
total,  is  confined  to  within  their  boundaries.  It  is  a  truism  directly 
resulting  from  tbe  very  small  production  of  animal  heat  by  these  ani- 
mals, that  temperature,  and  therefore  latitude,  has  tbe  greatest  influ- 
ence on  their  life  and  distribution.  This  is  exhibited  in  other  ways  than 
iu  multiplication  of  forms.  It  is  well  known,  that  although  plainly-col- 
ored reptiles  arc  not  wanting  in  tbe  tropics,  brilliantly-colored  species 
are  much  more  abundant  there  than  in  temperate  regions.  Although 
the  Kegnum  Xearcticum  does  not  extend  into  the  tropics,  its  south- 
ern districts  are  the  habitat  of  most  of  the  species  characterized 
by  bright  colors.  This  is  most  instructively  seen  in  species  having  a 
wide  range.  Such  is  the  case  with  the  southern  subspecies  of  Desmatog- 
nathus  among  salamanders,  and  Ilyla  among  frogs.  So  with  snakes  of  the 
genera  CrotaUis,  Caudisona^  Ophiholus,  Bascanium,  and  Euiaenia.    It  is 


94 


;?■;■ 


also  true  of  the  lizards  of  the  genera  Phrynosoma,  HolbrooJcia,  and  Sec- 
loporus.  Eutaenia  and  Sceloporus  become  metallic  in  the  Mexican  sub- 
region,  as  is  also  the  case  with  the  Anoles.  The  North  American  species 
of  AnoUs  does  not  display  metallic  luster,  while  a  large  part  of  those  of 
Mexico  and  a  smaller  proportion  of  those  of  the  West  Indies  exhibit  it. 

Another  important  influence  in  the  modification  of  the  life  in  ques- 
tion is  the  amount  of  terrestrial  and  atmospheric  moisture.  In  the 
case  of  the  Batrachia,  this  agent  is  as  important  as  that  of  heat,  since 
a  greater  or  less  part  of  (heir  life  is,  in  most  species,  necessarily  spent 
in  the  water.  The  reptiles  are  less  dependent  on  it,  but,  as  their  food 
consists  largely  of  insects,  and  as  these  in  turn  depend  on  vegetation 
for  sustenance,  the  modifying  influence  of  moisture  on  their  habits  must 
be  very  great. 

The  Central  region  combines  the  disadvantages  of  low  tempera- 
ture, due  to  its  elevation  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  of  arid  atmos- 
phere ;  hence  its  poverty  in  Batrachia  and  lieptiUa.  There  are  but  nine 
species  of  both  classes  peculiar  to  it,  while  a  lew  others  enter  from  sur- 
rounding areas. 

The  distribution  in  the  other  regions  is  evidently  dependent  on  the 
same  conditions.  Thus  the  well- watered,  forest-covered  Eastern  and 
Austroriparian  regions  are  the  home  of  the  salamanders,  the  frogs, 
the  tree -toads,  and  the  turtles.  The  dry  and  often  barren  Sonoran  and 
Central  regions  abound  in  the  lizards  and  the  toads.  The  Pacific  re- 
gion, which  is  intermediate  in  climatic  character,  exhibits  a  combination 
of  the  two  types  of  life;  it  unites  an  abundant  lizard-fauna  with 
numerous  frogs  and  salamanders,  while  there  is  but  one  tortoise. 

Another  character  of  the  reptilian  life  of  arid  regions  is  to  be  seen 
in  a  peculiarity  of  coloration.  This,  which  has  been  already  observed 
by  the  ornithologists,  consists  of  a  pallor,  or  arenaceous  hue  of  the 
body,  nearly  corresponding  with  the  tints  of  dry  or  sandy  earth.  This 
prevails  throughout  the  Batrachia  and  Eeptilia  of  the  Sonoran  re- 
gion, although  it  is  often  relieved  by  markings  of  brilliant  color,  of 
which  red  is  much  the  most  usual.  This  peculiaiity  doubtless  results 
immediately  from  the  power  of  metachrosis,  or  color-change,  possessed 
by  all  cold-blooded  Vertebrata,  by  means  of  which  they  readily  assume 
the  color  of  the  body  on  which  they  rest.  That  a  prevalent  color  of 
such  bodies  should  lead  to  a  habit  of  preference  for  that  color  is  neces- 
sary, and  as  such  habits  become  automatic,  the  permanence  of  the  color 
is  nmturally  established. 


95 


Another  peculiarity  of  the  Sonoran  regiou,  and  which  it  shares 
with  a  part  of  Mexico,  is  the  predominance  of  snakes  which  possess  an 
extraordinary  development  of  the  rostral  shield  cither  forward  or  out. 
ward.  This  has  also  been  observed  by  Professor  Jan,  who  referred 
such  genera  to  a  group  he  termed  the  Prohletorhinidae^  but  which  has 
not  sufficient  definition  to  be  retained  in  the  system.  Of  ten  genera  of 
suakes  in  the  Nearctic  region  which  possess  the  character,  nine  are 
found  in  the  Sonoran  subregion,  five  are  peculiar  to  it,  and  it  shares 
two  with  the  Lower  Californian  subregion  only.  One  of  the  latter 
[Plumothym)  is  closely  imitated  by  a  genus  {Lyiorhynchfis)  which  occurs 
on  the  borders  of  the  African  Sahara.  The  Ueterodon  of  the  Eastern 
States,  though  not  confined  to  the  sandy  coast-regions,  greatly  abounds 
there ;  and  the  South  American  species  skip  the  forest-covered  Amazon 
Valley  and  reappear  on  the  plains  of  the  Paraguay  and  Parana.  As 
the  Sonoran  region  embraces  a  number  of  desert  areas,  it  is  alto- 
gether probable  that  the  peculiar  forms  in  question  have  a  direct  rela- 
tion to  the  removing  of  dry  earth  and  sand,  in  the  search  for  concealment 
and  food.  A  modification  of  foot-structure,  supposed  to  have  relr  tion 
to  the  same  end,  is  seen  in  the  movable  spines  on  the  outer  side  of  the 
foot  in  the  genus  Uma,  a  character  exhibited  in  higher  iierfection  in  the 
South  African  genus  Ptenopus.  * 

The  abundance  of  Bufones  is  doubtless  due  in  part  to  their  adapta- 
tion to  life  in  dry  regions.  They  are  mostly  furnished  with  tarsal  bones 
especially  developed  for  excavating  purposes. 

*  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1^68,  p.  321. 


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PA.RT    IV. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


The  i)reseiit  list  only  includes  the  titles  of  works  antl  memoirs  which 
embrace  discussions  of  systematic  or  distributional  relations  of  the 
reptiles  of  the  Hegio  Nearctica.  Those  embracing  descriptions  of  spe- 
cies only  will  be  added  at  a  future  time. 

The  subject  of  general  geographical  distribution  has  been  especially 
investigated  by  Sclater,  Huxley,  and  the  writer;  while  Baird,  Agassiz, 
LcConte,  Verrill,  Allen,  and  the  writer  have  devoted  themselves  espe- 
cially to  the  distribution  of  the  animals  of  the  fauna  Nearctica.  In  1856, 
Dr.  Halloweli  remarked  the  rarity  of  salamanders  and  turtles  in  the 
Souorau  region,*  and  Professor  Baird  has  especially  demonstrated  the 
complementary  relation  exhibited  in  the  distribution  of  lizards  and  turtles 
in  North  America.  Professor  Verrill  and  J.  A.  Allen  have  defined  the 
tiiunal  subdivisions  of  Eastern  North  America  with  great  success, 
basing  their  conclusions  on  the  distribution  of  birds  and  Mammalia. 
The  writer  subsequently  defined  the  Sonoran  and  Lower  Californian 
regions,  and  elevated  the  Austroriparian  area  to  the  same  value, 
adopting,  also,  the  districts  of  Verrill  and  Allen.  In  the  present  essay 
1  am  greatly  indebted  to  the  learned  work  of  J.  A.  Allen  for  information 
on  the  distribution  of  birds,  as  well  as  to  the  previous  essay  of  Professor 
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general;  Scolecophidia  and  Asinea,  parts. 

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certidae,      H 

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LouiloD.     ■ 

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chia,  etc.    D 

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1 

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lofNortb    ■ 

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phidiens    ■ 

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ment of  Science,  p.  194.    Cambridge. 


■M 


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■'J 


100 

1870.  Gray.    Supplentont  to  the  Catalogue  of  Shield  Reptiles  in  the 

Britiflli  Miiseuin.     London. 

1872.  Uuxley.     Anatomy  of  the  Vertebrata.     London. 

B  —  Works  treating  of  the  (jeographical  <li»tribution  of  North  American 

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1857.  Apissiz.  Contribntions  to  the  Natnral  History  of  the  United 
otates,  vol.  i,  i)art  i,  p.  449.  On  the  Geographiejil  Distribntion 
of  North  American  Testndinata. 

1866.    Baird.    The  Diatribution  and  Migration  of  North  American  Birds. 
American  Jonrnal  of  the  Sciences  and  Arts,  p.  78, 184-347  (Jan 
uary). 

1866.  Verrill.  Jtepoit  of  some  Investigations  upon  the  Geographical 
Distribution  of  North  American  Birds.  Proceedings  of  the  Bos- 
ton Society  of  Natural  History,  vol.  x,  p.  259  (May). 

1866.  Oope.  On  the  Reptilia  and  Batrachia  of  the  Sonorau  l^rovincc 
of  the  Nearctic  Region.  Proceedings  of  the  Philadelphia  Acad- 
emy, p.  300  (October). 

1869.    Cope.    On  the  Origin  of  Genera.    Philadelphia. 

1871.  Allen,  J.  A.    Bulletin  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology. 

vol.  ii.  No.  3,  p.  404. 

1873.  Cope.    Gray's  Atlas  of  the  United  States,  p.  32.    Geographical 

Distribution  of  North  American  Vertebrata  (with  map). 


INDEX. 


AlKii^tor '^ 

Aclirochonlitlao 5W 

AcoiitiUlou -^0 

Aiiis 'M 

Ado.itlut^ 17 

Aniiaiidati It^ 

Aj;lo8Hii y 

Allegliauian  district B4 

Alligator 54 

Aiiiblystoma 5^5 

Ainlilystoiiiidae 12,25 

Aiupliicoflia 14 

AiiipliiHbaeiiidau 20,44 

Aui|)liiinna ...  25 

Ampliiiimidau 12,25 

Amydii 51 

Aiiaidt'8 28 

Aiicist  rodon 34 

Auf^iiiduo 18,46 

Aiiiella 44 

Aiiidlidae 20,24 

AiKilidac 1H,50 

Aiiolis 50 

Auumodontia 15 

Antliracosauridae 10 

Anura 7,29 

Aploaspis 33 

Arcifera 9,30 

Aromochelys 52 

Arratigemeut   of  the  fumilios  and 
higher  divisions  of  Batrachia  and 

Roptilia 7 

A»pidoncctes 51 

Asiuea 21,34 

Asterophrydidae 10 

Athecao 16,50 

Atractaspididae 23 

Austroriparian  region 68, 76 

Baphetidae JO 

Barissia 46 

Bascanium 40 

Batrachia 7,24 

Batra«hopbrynidae 9 

Batracboseps 26 

Belodontidae 14 

Bihliography 97 

Boidao 22,43 

Brevicipitidae 8 


Hufo 

liufuiiidao 

Ihiloiiii'urmia  .... . 
Ciulucibranchiata , 

Caociliidao 

Callisaurus 

Canadian  fauna.. 
Carolinian  fauna., 

Ciirphophiops 

Caudisona 

Cansidau 


Ccuiophora 

Central  region 

Chaluidau 

Chauiiicleontidae 

Chariua 

Check-list  of  the  specieu  of  Batrachia 
and  Reptilia  of  the  Nearctic  or 
North  American  realm 

Chcloniidae 

Chelonia 

Cbelopus 

Chelydid{»« ■ 

Chelydra 

Chelydridae 

Chilouieniscua 

Chionactis 

Chilopoma 

Chorophilns 

Chrysemys 

Cinosternidae 

Cinosternam 

Cistudo 

Cuemidophorus 

Cocytinidi)« 

Coleonyx 

ColoBteidae 

Colostethidae 

Coluber 

Colubridae 

Compsognathidae 

Coniopbanes 

Contia 

Crocodilia 

Crocodiliiae 

Crocodilus 

Crotalidae 

Crotalns 

101 


PttRe. 
29 
9,29 
9,29 
25 
U 
47 
85 
84 
34 
38 
23 
36 

71,88 
19 
17 
43 


24 

16,51 
51 
53 
17 
51 

16,51 
35 
35 
40 
30 
53 

16,52 
52 
53 
45 
12 
50 
10 
7 
39 

22,34 
13 
38 
36 

14,54 
14 
54 

23,33 
33 


1 


m^ 


102 


Page. 

Crotapbytus 47 

Cryptodira 16,51 

Cyclophia 38 

Cyclura 50 

Cystignathidae 9, 31 

Dacty  lethr\uae 9 

Deudrobatidae 8 

Desmoguathidae 11,28 

Diadophia 37 

Dicauiptodon 26 

Dicyuodontidae 15 

Diemyctylus 28 

Dimorphodontidao 12 

Dinosauria 13 

Diplodactylus 50 

Diploglossa 46 

Dipsosaurus 48 

Discloglossidae 10 

Dromicus 38 

Eastern  region       68,82 

Elapidae 22,34 

Eb-^"  34 

Elasmosauridae 15 

Emydidae 16, 52 

Euiys 53 

Engystoma 30 

EDgystomidae 8,30 

Epirbexis 31 

Eumeces 44 

Eutsenia 40 

Eretmocbelys 51 

FaraDcia 35 

Faunal  regions  of  tbe  eartb 55 

Feyliniidae 20 

Firmisternia 8, 30 

Floridan  district 77 

Qanocepbala 10 

Gastrechmia 8 

GecconidsB 18, 50 

Geographical  distribution  in  the 
Regnum  Nearcticum,  with  special 
reference  to  the  Batracbia  and 

Roptilia 55 

Gerrbonotidae 18, 46 

Gerrhonotus 46 

Goniopholididae 14 

Goniopoda 13 

Gyalopium 36 

Gyninophidia 11 

Gyriuopbilas 28 

Endrosauridae 14 

Haldea , 35 

Helicops 43 

Heloderdia 47 


Page. 

Helodermidae -,«...  19,47 

Heiuidactylium 26 

Uemiphractidae 10 

Heniisidae 8 

Heterodou 43 

llolbrookia , 47 

Homalopsidae 'i2 

Hiid,soniau  district 86 

Hydraspididae 17 

Hjdropbidae 23 

Hyla 30 

Hylidao 10,30 

Hynobiidao 11 

Hypsiglena 38 

Icbtbyopterygia 15 

Icbtbyosauridae 15 

Iguania 47 

Iguanidao 18 

Iguanodontidae 14 

Introductory  remarks 3 

Labyriuthodoutia 10 

Lacortidae 19, 45 

Laccrtilia , 17, 44 

Leptoglossa 44 

Licbanura 43 

Licbanuridae 22, 43 

Litbodytes 31 

Lodia 36 

Louisianian  district 78 

Lower  Californian  region 74, 92 

Macrocbelys 52 

Macrollemmys 53 

Manculus 27 

Megalosauridae 13 

Menopoiua 25 

Menopoinidae 12, 25 

Microsanria. 11 

Molgophidae 11 

Mosasauridae 20 

MuriBiiopsis 25 

NajidiB 22 

Necturus 24 

Number  of  species 58 

Nyctisaura 18,50 

Odontaglossa 9 

Oligosoma .  ^ 44 

Opbibolus 36 

Opbidia 33 

Opbeosauria 44 

Opbeosaurus 46 

Ornitbosanria 12 

Oruithotarsidae 13 

Orthopoda 13 

Osceola 36 


103 


Page. 

Oiuleuodontidae 15 

Puebyglossa 18 

Pacific  region 72, 89 

Parasucbia 14 

Poliontidae 11 

Ptlotly  tidae 10 

Peloinedusidao 17 

Phimotbyra 38 

Phlogetboutiidao H 

I'Lryuiscidoe 8 

Pbiyuosouia 49 

Pliyllodactyliis 50 

Pipidre 9 

Pityopbis 39 

Placodoutidae 14 

Plesiosauridae 15 

Pletbodoii 27 

PletbodDiitidae 12, 2(J 

Pleiirodelidae 11,28 

Pleurodira 17 

Pleurodonta 44 

Pleurosteruidae - 17 

Podocnemididae 17 

ProcoBlia 14 

Pi  opleuridae 16 

Proteida 12,24 

Pioteidae 24 

Proteroglypba 22, 34 

Piotorosauridae 15 

Piotostegidae 16 

PstHidemys 52 

Pseudobrancbus 24 

Ptt;rodactylidae V.i 

Ptyouiidae 11 

Py  tlionidae 21 

Py  thoudmorpho. 20 

Eaua 32 

Riinidae 7, 32 

Riiniformia 7, 32 

Bdation  of  distribution  to  physical 

causes 93 

Relations  to  other  realms 58 

Ki'ptilia 12 

Rliabdosomidae 22 

Rhiueura 44 

Rbiiiocbilus 3G 

Rbinopbry  nidae 1 9 

Rliiptoglossa 17 

Rliynchocephalia 15 

Rliyncbosauridae 15 

Salamandridae 11 

Sanronialus 47 

Sauropterygia 14 


Scaphiopidae 

Scapbiopus 

Scelidosauridae 

Sceloporus 

Sciiicidae 

Scolecophidia 

Sopsidao 

Sibon 

Siren 

Sirenidae 

!  Sniilisca 

Solenoglypha 

Souora 

Souoran  region 

Spea 

Si)elerpe8 

Spbaerodactylus 

Spbargididao 

Spbargis 

Spbenodoutidae 

Spilotes 

Stegocepbali 

Stenostoma 

Steuostomidae 

Stereocbihis 

Sternotbaeridao 

Storeria 

Synipbypoda 

.TantiUa 

Teidao 

Teleosauridae 

Teratosauridae 

Testudinata 

Testudinidae 

Testudo 

Texan  district 

Tbalassocbelys 

Tlie  regions  of  the  Regnnm  nearc 
ticuui 

Tlioracosauridae 

Thoriidao 

Tortricidae 

Tortriciua 

Tracbystouiata 

Trionycliidae 

Trimorpbodon 

Trogonophidae 

Tropidoclonium 

Tropidonotus 

Tuditauidao 

Typhlophthalini 

Typhlopidae 

Uina 


Page. 

10,31 
31 
13 
48 

19,44 

21,44 
19 
38 
24 

12, 24 
31 

23, 33 

:56 

73,90 
31 
27 
50 

10, 50 
50 
15 
39 
10 
44 

21,44 
27 
17 
42 
13 
35 

19,45 
14 
13 

IG,  50 

1G,54 
54 
80 
51 

67 
14 
11 
21 
21 
12,24 
16 
38 
20 
42 
42 
11 
44 
21 
47 


r^s 


n 


104 


(Jrodela 

Uropeltidae 

Uta 

Yaranidae 

Verticaria 

Viperidae 

Virginia 

Works  on  the  classification  of  Ba- 
tracbia  and  Reptilia 


Page. 
11 
21 

48 
19 
46 
23 
35 


97 


Pjga 


Works  treating  of  the  geograpb'""!! 
distribution  of  Nortb  American 

Batracbia  and  Reptilia 100 

Xontnsia 45 

Xenopeltidae 21 

Xeuosauridae 19 

Zonuridao 19 


'<0' 


J:l' 


Paget 

srican 

100 

45 

21 

I'J 

19 


r/M^ 


